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ANIMAL
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s m i t h s o n i a n
Smithsonian
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ANIMAL
Editors-in-Chief
David Burnie and Don E. Wilson
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Vet DORLING KINDERSLEY, LONDON
SENIOR EDITORS Angeles Gavira, Peter Frances SENIOR ART EDITORS Ina Stradins, Vanessa Hamilton
PROJECT EDITORS David Summers, Sean O’Connor ART EDITORS Kirsten Cashman, Philip Ormerod, Sara Freeman
EDITORS Alison Copland, Lesley Riley, Polly Boyd DESIGNER Amir Reuveni
ZOOLOGICAL EDITORS Kim Dennis-Bryan, Stephen Parker DTP DESIGNERS Louise Waller, Rajen Shah, Martin Nilsson, Simon Longstaff
INDEXER Jane Parker PICTURE RESEARCHERS Cheryl Dubyk-Yates, Kate Duncan, Sean Hunter
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EDITORS Rimli Borooah, Kajori Aikat DESIGNER Pallavi Narain
DESIGN ASSISTANCE Elizabeth Thomas, Suresh Kumar
DTP COORDINATORS Jacob Joshua, Rajesh Bisht DTP DESIGNER Pankaj Sharma
STUDIO CACTUS SCHERMULY DESIGN COMPANY
SENIOR DESIGNER Sharon Moore SENIOR DESIGNER Hugh Schermuly
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EDITORS Joanna Chisholm, Jackie Jackson, Mary Pickles
FOR THIS EDITION
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PRODUCTION MANAGER Pankaj Sharma JACKETS EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Priyanka Sharma
DTP DESIGNERS Nand Kishor Acharya PRE-PRODUCTION MANAGER Balwant Singh
PICTURE RESEARCHER Aditya Katyal SENIOR DTP DESIGNER Harish Aggarwal, Shanker Prasad
PICTURE RESEARCH MANAGER Taiyaba Khatoon
First American edition, 2001
This edition published in the United States in 2017 by DK Publishing,
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2011, and 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited
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Vet EDITORS-IN-CHIEF DAVID BURNIE & DON E. WILSON
MAIN CONSULTANTS
MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS
DR. JULIET CLUTTON-BROCK, DR. FRANÇOIS VUILLEUMIER, CHRIS MATTISON PROFESSOR TIM HALLIDAY,
DR. KIM DENNIS-BRYAN, ROB HUME, JEREMY JACOBS
Zoologist and writer specializing in
& & herpetology. Fellow of the Royal &
DR. DON E. WILSON CARLA DOVE Photographic Society RONALD CROMBIE
FISHES INVERTEBRATES
PROFESSOR RICHARD DR. GEORGE C. MCGAVIN, DR. DR. M.G. HARASEWYCH, GARY F. KENSLEY, DR. DAVID PAWSON, DR.
ROSENBLATT, RICHARD BARNES, DR. FRANCES HEVEL, KLAUS RUETZLER
DR. FRANCES DIPPER, DIPPER DR. W. DUANE HOPE, DR. BRIAN F.
&
CAROLE BALDWIN, DR. STANLEY DR. STEPHEN CAIRNS, TIMOTHY
WEITZMAN, DAVE JOHNSON COFFER, DR. KRISTIAN FAUCHALD,
CONTRIBUTORS AND CONSULTANTS
Dr. Richard Barnes Dr. Timothy M. Crowe Dr. Gavin Hanke Dr. Rodrigo A. Medellin Jeff Sailer FOR THIS EDITION
Dr. Paul Bates Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan Derek Harvey Dr. Fridtjof Mehlum Dr. Scott A. Schaeffer ADDITIONAL CONSULTANTS
Derek Harvey
Dr. Simon K. Bearder Dr. Christopher Dickman Dr. Cindy Hull Chris Morgan Dr. Karl Schuchmann
Darren Mann
Deborah Behler Joseph A. DiCostanzo Dr. Barry J. Hutchins Rick Morris Prof. John D. Skinner
John Behler Prof. Philip Donoghue Dr. Paul A. Johnsgard Dr. Bryan G. Nelson Dr. Andrew Smith
FOR THE SMITHSONIAN
Keith Betton Dr. Nigel Dunstone Dr. Angela Kepler Dr. Gary L. Nuechterlein Dr. Ronald L. Smith INSTITUTION
Dr. Michael de L. Brooke Dr. S. Keith Eltringham Dr. Jiro Kikkawa Jemima Parry-Jones Dr. David D. Stone REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
Dr. Charles R. Brown Prof. Brock Fenton Prof.Nigel Leader- Malcolm Pearch Dr. Mark Taylor Jeremy F. Jacobs
Dr. Donald Bruning Joseph Forshaw Williams Prof. Christopher Perrins Dr. David H. Thomas FISH
George H. Burgess Susan D. Gardieff Dr. Douglas Long Prof. Ted Pietsch Dr. Dominic Tollit Dr. Jeffrey T. Williams
Dr. Kent E. Carpenter Dr. Anthony Gill Darren Mann Dr. Tony Prater Dr. Jane Wheeler INVERTEBRATES
Norma G. Chapman Dr. Joshua Ginsberg Dr. Manuel Marin Dr. Galen B. Rathbun Dr. Ben Wilson Dr. Rafael Lemaitre
Ben Clemens Prof. Colin Groves Chris Mattison Dr. Ian Redmond Dr. David B. Wingate Christopher Mayer
Dr. Malcolm C. Coulter Dr. Jurgen H. Haffer Dr. George C. McGavin Dr. James D. Rising Dr. Hans Winkler Jonathan Norenburg
Dominic M. Couzens Prof. Tim Halliday Dr. Jeremy McNeil Robert H. Robins Dr. Kevin Zippel Michael Vecchione
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CONTENTS Mouselike rodents ...........................123
Cavylike rodents ..............................129
SPRINGHARES ........................................................132
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KINGDOM 84 Prosimians ............................................................136
INTRODUCTION 12 Monkeys ................................................................140
Apes ........................................................................150
BATS ............................................................................156
WHAT ARE ANIMALS? ..................................14
HEDGEHOGS AND RELATIVES .........................162
EVOLUTION ..................................................16
SHREWS AND MOLES .........................................163
CLASSIFICATION ..........................................18
PANGOLINS ..............................................................165
CLADISTICS ..................................................20
CARNIVORES ...........................................................166
ANIMAL NAMES AND GROUPS ....................21 Dogs and relatives ............................................168
ANATOMY .....................................................26 Bears .......................................................................176
BEHAVIOUR ..................................................28 Sea lions, walrus, and seals .........................182
LIFE CYCLES ................................................30 Skunks ...................................................................186
ANIMALS IN DANGER ...................................32 Raccoons and relatives ..................................187
CONSERVATION ...........................................34 MAMMALS Red panda ............................................................190
86
Mustelids ...............................................................191
Malagasy carnivores .........................197
HABITATS 36 MAMMALS ...................................................................88 Mongooses ..........................................................198
EGG-LAYING MAMMALS ........................................92
Civets and relatives ...........................................199
MARSUPIALS ..............................................................93
Cats .........................................................................200
WORLD HABITATS ........................................38 SENGIS .......................................................................104 Hyenas and aardwolf .......................................208
GRASSLAND .................................................40 TENRECS AND GOLDEN MOLES ....................105 HOOFED MAMMALS .............................................210
DESERT .........................................................44 AARDVARK ................................................................106 Horses and relatives .........................................212
TROPICAL FOREST .......................................48 DUGONGS AND MANATEES .............................107 Rhinoceroses ......................................................214
TEMPERATE FOREST ....................................52 ELEPHANTS ..............................................................108 Tapirs .......................................................................217
CONIFEROUS FOREST .................................56 HYRAXES ...................................................................110 Pigs ..........................................................................218
MOUNTAINS ..................................................60 ARMADILLOS ...........................................................110 Hippopotamuses ...............................................220
POLAR REGIONS ..........................................64 SLOTHS AND ANTEATERS .................................111 Camels and relatives ........................................222
FRESHWATER ...............................................68 RABBITS, HARES, AND PIKAS ..........................113 Deer .........................................................................224
OCEANS ........................................................72 RODENTS ..................................................................116 Pronghorn .............................................................227
COASTS AND CORAL REEFS .......................76 Squirrel-like rodents .........................118 Giraffe and okapi ...............................................228
URBAN AREAS ..............................................80 Beaverlike rodents ...........................121 Cattle and relatives ...........................................230
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CETACEANS .............................................................244 FALCONS AND CARACARAS ............................336
Baleen whales .....................................................246 PARROTS ...................................................................338
Toothed whales ..................................................250 PASSERINES ............................................................342
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REPTILES
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FISHES ........................................................................468
REPTILES ...................................................................372 JAWLESS FISHES ..................................................472
TORTOISES AND TURTLES ................................374 CARTILAGINOUS FISHES ...................................473
TUATARAS .................................................................383 Sharks ....................................................................474
SNAKES .....................................................................384 Rays ........................................................................483
Boas, pythons, and relatives ........................386 BONY FISHES ..........................................................486
Colubrids ...............................................................393 Fleshy-finned fishes ..................................................488
Elapids ....................................................................399 Primitive ray-finned fishes ....................................489
Vipers ......................................................................402 Bony-tongued fishes ...............................................490
BIRDS 262 Blind and thread snakes .................................407 Tarpons and eels ........................................................491
LIZARDS .....................................................................408 Herrings and relatives .............................................494
BIRDS ..........................................................................264 Iguanas and relatives .......................................410 Catfish and relatives .................................................496
TINAMOUS ................................................................268 Geckos and snake-lizards .............................417 Salmon and relatives ...............................................501
OSTRICHES ..............................................................268 Skinks and relatives ..........................................420 Dragonfishes and relatives ..................................508
RHEAS ........................................................................269 Anguimorph lizards ...........................................426 Lanternfishes and relatives .................................509
CASSOWARIES AND EMUS ...............................269 AMPHISBAENIANS ................................................431 Codfishes and relatives .........................................510
KIWIS ...........................................................................269 CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS ....................432 Spiny-rayed fishes .............................................512
WATERFOWL ............................................................270
GAMEBIRDS .............................................................274
PENGUINS .................................................................278
DIVERS ........................................................................280 INVERTEBRATES 530
GREBES .....................................................................280
ALBATROSSES AND PETRELS .........................282 INVERTEBRATES ...................................................532
FLAMINGOS ..............................................................284 SPONGES ................................................................536
TROPICBIRDS ..........................................................286 CNIDARIANS ...........................................................537
STORKS .....................................................................286 FLATWORMS ..........................................................541
HERONS AND RELATIVES ..................................287 SEGMENTED WORMS ........................................542
GANNETS, CORMORANTS, AND RELATIVES ..290 ROUNDWORMS ....................................................543
HAWKS, EAGLES, AND RELATIVES ................294 MINOR PHYLA ........................................................544
BUSTARDS ...............................................................302 ARTHROPODS .......................................................546
MESITES ....................................................................302 Insects ....................................................................548
SERIEMAS .................................................................302 Centipedes and millipedes ............................578
KAGU AND SUNBITTERN ....................................303 Crustaceans ........................................................579
RAILS, CRANES, AND RELATIVES ...................303 AMPHIBIANS 436 Sea-spiders ..........................................................585
WADERS, GULLS, AND AUKS .........................306 Horseshoe crabs ...............................................585
SANDGROUSE ........................................................313 AMPHIBIANS ...............................................438 Arachnids ..............................................................586
PIGEONS ....................................................................313 NEWTS AND SALAMANDERS ......................440 MOLLUSKS ...............................................................594
HOATZIN ....................................................................315 CAECILIANS .................................................447 ECHINODERMS .......................................................602
TURACOS ..................................................................315 FROGS AND TOADS ....................................448 INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES .........................605
CUCKOOS .................................................................315
OWLS ..........................................................................316
NIGHTJARS AND FROGMOUTHS ...................321
HUMMINGBIRDS AND SWIFTS .........................323
MOUSEBIRDS ..........................................................326
TROGONS .................................................................326
CUCKOO ROLLER ................................................327
KINGFISHERS AND RELATIVES ........................327 GLOSSARY .................................................606
HOOPOES AND HORNBILLS .............................331 INDEX ..........................................................610
WOODPECKERS AND TOUCANS ...................332 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................632
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FOREWORD
s.ir The first man-made object was sent into a low orbit around the We know a lot about the physical composition of the earth
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when the first humans walked on the surface of the moon. been able to piece together the history of life. We know that
Since then the exploration of space has continued steadily and evolution has produced, as Darwin eloquently put it, “endless
instruments of increasing complexity have been launched into forms most beautiful and most wonderful,” but we are still
space. One of these, Voyager 1, has even left our solar system. a very long way off putting a number on exactly how many
The information gathered has revolutionized our understanding of species we share the earth with. What we do know for sure
space, the birth and death of stars, and has widened our horizons is that relatively few of them, just shy of 3 percent, have a
to the point where we have proved the existence of many planets backbone. Most species and the majority of animals are
that might be similar to earth, orbiting stars in far-flung galaxies. It is invertebrates with 3 or more pairs of legs—insects, spiders,
hard not be impressed at what we have achieved in such a short and crustaceans. Some estimates of global species numbers
time. For a little over 400 years since Galileo first saw the moons have been set as high as 30 million or more, but a general
of Jupiter, we have been looking outward—but in my lifetime consensus view is that it may be somewhere between
we have been able to look back at ourselves. For me, one single 8 and 12 million species. Despite our increasing mastery
image from all this monumental effort stands out and it is not one of biology, from discovering and deciphering the code of
of a Martian landscape or the icy surface of a comet, but the now life to the making of synthetic organisms, it is very unlikely
famous “blue marble” photograph of the earth, taken on December that we will ever name and catalog the full extent of life
7th, 1972, by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft, at a distance of on our planet. We must, therefore, get used to the idea that
about 45,000 kilometers. It shows us how small our home really is the majority of species will come and go without us ever
and, more importantly, that it is finite. knowing they existed at all.
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