Table Of ContentDahlem Workshop Reports
Life Sciences Research Report 21
Animal Mind - Human Mind
The goal of this Dahlem Workshop is:
to explore the nature of the animal mind
and to develop new approaches to its understanding
Life Sciences Research Reports
Editor: Silke Bernhard
Held and published on behalf of the
Stifterverband fUr die Deutsche Wissenschaft
Sponsored by:
Senat der Stadt Berlin
Stifterverband fUr die Deutsche Wissenschaft
Animal Mind -
Human Mind
D. R. Griffin, Editor
Report of the Dahlem Workshop on
Animal Mind - Human Mind
Berlin 1981, March 22-27
Rapporteurs:
M. Dawkins· W. Kintsch . H. J. Neville· R. M. Seyfarth
Program Advisory Committee:
D. R. Griffin, Chairman· J. F. Bennett· D. Dorner
S. A. Hillyard· B. K. Holldobler . H. S. Markl . P. R. Marler
D.Premack
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982
Copy Editors: M. Cervantes-Waldmann, K. McWhirter
Photographs: E. P. Thonke
With 4 photographs, 30 figures, and 2 tables
ISBN-13:978-3-642-68471-5 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-68469-2
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-68469-2
CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutsachen Bibliothek:
Animal mind - human mind: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Animal Mind -
Human Mind, Berlin 1981, March 22-27 1 D. R. Griffin, ed. Rapporteurs: M. Dawkins.
[Dahlem Konferenzen. Held and publ. on behalf of the Stifterverb. fUr d. Dt. Wiss.
Sponsored by: Senat d. Stadt Berlin; Stifterverb. fUr d. Dt. Wiss.]. - Berlin;
Heidelberg; New York: Springer, 1982.
(Life sciences research report; 21)
(Dahlem workshop reports)
NE: Griffin, Donald R. [Hrsg.]; Dawkins, Marian [Mitverf.]; Workshop on Animal Mind,
Human Mind <1981, Berlin, West>; Dahlem Konferenzen; GT
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to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munchen.
© Dr. S. Bernhard, Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin 1982
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
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even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
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2131/3014 - 543 2 1 0
Table of Contents
The Dahlem Konferenzen.................................... ix
Introduction ............................................. .
D.R. Griffin
Brain Functions and Mental Processes ...................... 13
S.A. Hillyard and F.E. Bloom
Some Perspectives on the Evolution of ..................... 33
Intelligence and the Brain
W. Hodos
Mental Processes in the Nonverbal Hemisphere .......•.... ,. 57
J. Levy
Risk-benefit Assessment in Animals ........................ 75
R.H. Drent
The Ecological Conditions of Thinking ..................... 95
D. Dorner
Social Knowledge in Free-ranging Primates ................. 113
H. Kummer
Primate Social Intelligence: .............................. 131
Contributions from the Laboratory
W.A. Mason
Internal Representation ................................... 145
L.A. Cooper
Problem Solving........................................... 159
G. Liler
Ascent of Apes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
D.J. Gillan
Cognitive Knowledge and Executive Control: ................ 201
Metacognition
R.H. Kluwe
On the Evolution of Cognitive Processes and ............... 225
Performances
F. Klix
vi Table of Contents
Study of Vertebrate Communication - .......•.....•.•.••.•. 251
Its Cognitive Implications
C.G. Beer
The Insect Mind: Physics or Metaphysics? .........•....... 269
J.L. Gould and C.G. Gould
Cognitive Aspects of Ape Language Experiments ..... ......•. 299
C.A. Ristau and D. Robbins
Group Photo: ...............•.•...•........................ 332
Neuropsychological Approaches
Neuropsychological Approaches ............................. 333
State of the Art Report
H.J. Neville and S.A. Hillyard, Rapporteurs
F.E. Bloom, T.H. Bullock, R.J. Cohen, A. Elepfandt,
P.S. Goldman-Rakic, W. Hodos, J. Levy, G.S. Lynch,
P. Smith Churchland
Group Photo: .....................•......................•. 354
Evolutionary Ecology of Thinking
Evolutionary Ecology of Thinking ........ .................. 355
State of the Art Report
M. Dawkins, Rapporteur
N. Bischof, D. Dorner, R.H. Drent, J.R. Krebs, H. Kummer,
J. Lamprecht, H.S. Markl, W.A. Mason, G.H. Orians,
G.A. Parker, F. Reither, J.E.R. Staddon, C. Welker
Group Photo:.............................................. 374
Comparative Approaches to Animal Cognition
Comparative Approaches to Animal Cognition ..... ........... 375
State of the Art Report
W. Kintsch, Rapporteur
R.H. Brown, J. CerelIa, J.H. Crook, J.A. Fodor,
D.J. Gillan, H. Gleitman, D.R. Griffin, F.W. Hesse,
F. Klix, R.H. Kluwe, G. Llier, P. Rozin, R. Wehner
Group Photo: ........•................•..•.•.•......•••..•. 390
Communication As Evidence of Thinking
Communication As Evidence of Thinking ..................... 391
State of the Art Report
R.M. Seyfarth, Rapporteur
C.G. Beer, D.C. Dennett, J.L. Gould, M. Lindauer,
P.R. Marler, C.A. Ristau, E.S. Savage-Rumbaugh,
R.C. Solomon, H.S. Terrace
Table of Contents vii
Afterthoughts on Animal Minds ............................. 407
T.H. Bullock
List of Participants ...................................... 415
Subj ect Index............................................. 419
Author Index .............................................. 427
The Dahlem Konferenzen
DIRECTOR:
Silke Bernhard, M.D.
FOUNDATION:
Dahlem Konferenzen was founded in 1974 and is supported by the
Stifterverband fur die Deutsche Wissenschaft, the Science
Foundation of German Industry, in cooperation with the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, the German Organization for Promoting
Fundamental Research, and the Senate of the City of Berlin.
OBJECTIVES:
The task of Dahlem Konferenzen is:
to promote the interdisciplinary exchange of scientific in
formation and ideas,
to stimulate international cooperation in research, and
to develop and test different models conducive to more effec
tive scientific meetings.
AIM:
Each Dahlem Workshop is designed to provide a survey of the pres
ent state of the art of the topic at hand as seen by the various
disciplines concerned, to review new concepts and techniques, and
to recommend directions for future research.
PROCEDURE:
Dahlem Konferenzen approaches internationally recognized scien
tists to suggest topics fulfilling these criteria and to propose
members for a Program Advisory Committee, which is responsible
for the workshop's scientific program. Once a year, the topic
suggestions are submitted to a scientific board for approval.
TOPICS:
The workshop topics should be:
of contemporary international interest,
timely,
interdisciplinary in nature, and
problem-oriented.
x The Dahlem Konferenzen
PARTICIPANTS:
The number of participants is limited to 48 for each workshop,
and they are selected exclusively by a Program Advisory Committee.
Selection is based on international scientific reputation alone
and is independent of national considerations, although a bal
ance between Europeans and Americans is desirable. Exception is
made for younger German scientists for whom 10% of the places
are reserved.
THE DAHLEM WORKSHOP MODEL:
A special workshop model has been developed by Dahlem Konferenzen,
the Dahlem Workshop Model. The main work of the workshop is done
in four small, interdisciplinary discussion groups, each with
12 members. Lectures are not given.
Some participants are asked to write background papers providing
a review of the field rather than a report on individual work.
These are circulated to all participants 4 weeks before the meet
ing with the request that the papers be read and questions on
them formulated before the workshop, thus providing the basis
for discussions.
During the workshop, each group prepares a Report reflecting the
essential points of its discussions, including suggestions for
future research needs. These reports are distributed to all
participants at the end of the workshop and are discussed in
plenum.
PUBLICATION:
The Dahlem Workshop Reports contain:
the Chairperson's introduction,
the background papers, and
the Group Reports.
Animal Mind - Human Mind, ed. D.R. Griffin, pp. 1-12.
Dahlem Konferenzen 1982. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag.
Introduction
D. R. Griffin
The Rockefeller University
New York, NY 10021, USA
Prominently displayed in each meeting room was the stated pur
pose of this Dahlem Conference: To explore the nature of the
animal mind and develop new approaches to its understanding.
We were inquiring whether nonhuman animals have mental experi
ences, and if so which animals, under what conditions.
We were also trying to develop ways to learn what any mental
experiences that may occur are actually like to the animals
concerned. Do they ever think about images or representations
of the outside world, examine them, and make choices as to how
their own behavior might change the situation? Or are all non
human animals invariably in a state comparable to a human sleep
walker, responding mechanically, even though often adaptively?
In recent years such questions have been taboo in the behavioral
sciences. But, as I have suggested elsewhere (7, 8), it may now
be time to lay these inhibitions aside and make a new attempt to
explore important scientific territory that has been largely
neglected for several decades. Many philosophers such as
Armstrong (1), Bunge (2), Dennett (3), Fodor (6), and Taylor (11)
have long since escaped from the counterproductive self-paralysis
that was once advocated by positivists and strict behaviorists.
Although reopening these questions may seem pOintless or even
