Table Of ContentAnimal Dispersal
Animal Dispersal
Small mammals as a model
Edited by
NILS CHR. STENSETH
Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
and
WILLIAM Z. LIDICKER, JR
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V
First edition 1992
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1992
Typeset in 10112pt Sabon by Graphicraft Typesetters Ltd, Hong Kong
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicatiOl. data
Animal dispersal: small mammals as a model/edited by Nils Chr.
Stenseth and William Z. Lidicker, Jr.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-94-010-5033-3 ISBN 978-94-011-2338-9 (eBook)
DOI 10. 1007/978-94-011-2338-9
1. Animals-Dispersal. 2. Mammals-Dispersal. 1. Stenseth, Nils
ehr. II. Lidicker, William Zander, 1932-
QH543.3.A55 1992
574.5-dc20
91-31135
CIP
Contents
Contributors x
Acknowledgements xi
Preface Xll
Part One. Introductory chapters 1
1 The study of dispersal: a conceptual guide 5
N.C. Stenseth and W.Z. Lidicker, Jr
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Terminology 5
1.3 Dispersal or residency 7
1.4 A matter of scale 11
1.5 Dispersal: a conceptual 'glue' 12
1.6 The book 14
References 16
2 To disperse or not to disperse: who does it and why? 21
W.Z. Lidicker, Jr and N.C. Stenseth
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Who are the dispersers? 21
2.3 What motivates dispersal? 25
2.4 A classification of dispersal 30
2.5 Conclusions 32
References 33
3 The genetic consequences of dispersal 37
N.H. Barton
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Dispersal, environmental heterogeneity, and genetic
variation 37
3.3 Gene flow and spatial differentiation 43
3.4 Inference from genetic patterns 47
3.5 Conclusions 54
References 55
Contents
VI
Part Two. The process of dispersal 61
4. Habitat heterogeneity and dispersal: environmental and
genetic patchiness 65
A. Cockburn
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 The adaptive basis of dispersal 68
4.3 Are dispersers genetically distinct? 84
4.4 Conclusions 86
References 88
5 Social Factors in immigration and emigration 96
C.A. Brandt
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Aggression, dominance, and spacing 97
5.3 Lack of social bonding 116
5.4 Mate access and mate choice 118
5.5 Social consequences of dispersal 122
5.6 Conclusions 126
References 127
Part Three. Patterns: cyclic versus stable populations 145
6 Patterns of dispersal in non-cyclic populations of small
rodents 147
]. Gliwicz
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Patterns of seasonal dispersal 148
6.3 Why do rodents disperse early in the breeding season? 152
6.4 Why do rodents disperse in the autumn? 153
6.5 Spring-summer dispersal, spatial heterogeneity, and
population cycles 154
6.6 Conclusions 156
References 156
7 The role of dispersal in cyclic rodent populations 160
C.]. Krebs
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 Immigration and emigration are always
area-dependent 161
7.3 Dispersal can affect a population directly or indirectly 161
References 173
Contents
Vll
Part Four. Applications 177
8 Small mammal dispersal in pest management and
conservation 181
L. Hansson
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Population eradication 181
8.3 Damage related to dispersal from permanent habitats 183
804 Pest outbreaks 185
8.5 Settling in human habitations 186
8.6 Disease transmission 187
8.7 Models in conservation theory 189
8.8 Discussion and generalizations 190
8.9 Conclusions 193
References 193
Part Five. Looking backward and forward 199
9 Presaturation and saturation dispersal 15 years later: some
theoretical considerations 201
N.C. Stenseth and W.Z. Lidicker, Jr
9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 The evolution of dispersal 202
9.3 Population dynamic consequences of dispersal 215
9:4 Presaturation and saturation dispersal 15 years later 218
References 220
Part Six. Invited commentaries 225
10 Do large mammals disperse like small mammals? 229
A.R.E. Sinclair
10.1 Introduction 229
10.2 Patches and demes 229
10.3 Dispersal in increasing and stationary populations 231
lOA Natal, breeding, and transfer dispersal 232
10.5 Breeding systems and the functions of dispersal 234
10.6 Demographic consequences of dispersal 236
10.7 Conclusions 238
References 239
11 The primate perspective on dispersal 243
A.E. Pusey
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Patterns of dispersal in primates 244
11.3 Proximate causes of dispersal 245
Vlll Contents
11.4 Evolutionary explanations of dispersal 252
11.5 Species with female-biased dispersal 254
11.6 Conclusions 255
References 256
12 A red grouse perspective on dispersal in small mammals 260
A. Watson
12.1 Introduction 260
12.2 Red grouse and small mammals as study animals 261
12.3 Dispersal or emigration? 262
12.4 Models on emigration and immigration as direct
causes of demographic change in red grouse and
voles 262
12.5 Emigration or immigration as a direct cause of
demographic change 264
12.6 Different types of emigration and their
demographic consequences 265
12.7 Emigration, immigration, cycles, and irregular
fluctuations 268
12.8 Emigration as an indirect cause of declines 269
12.9 Final remarks 270
References 270
13 An entomological perspective on animal dispersal 274
G.K. Roderick and R.L. Caldwell
13.1 Indroduction 274
13.2 Separate paths 274
13.3 Insect spatial movements 275
13.4 Cross-contributions and future directions 281
References 282
Part Seven. Appendices 291
Appendix 1. Where do we stand methodologically about
experimental design and methods of analysis
in the study of dispersal? 295
N.C. Stenseth and W.Z. Lidicker, Jr
ALl Introduction 295
A1.2 Techniques for obtaining data 296
A1.3 Methods of analysis 302
Al.4 Future directions 313
References 313
Contents lX
Appendix 2. Alternative approaches to the study of small
mammal dispersal: insights from radiotelemetry 319
W.J. McShea and D.M. Madison
A2.1 Introduction 319
A2.2 Verification of dispersal 320
A2.3 Description of movements 320
A2.4 The location of dispersers 323
A2.5 Dispersal distance 324
A2.6 Dispersal frequency 325
A2.7 Future studies 326
A2.8 Conclusions 328
References 329
Appendix 3. The use of radioisotopes in the study of dispersal:
with a case study 333
N.C. Stenseth and W.Z. Lidicker, Jr
A3.1 Introduction 333
A3.2 A brief survey of radioisotope use in
population studies 337
A3.3 The Myllymaki-Hansson-Hoff study 340
A3.4 Conclusions 347
References 348
Epilogue 353
Index 356
Preface
Xlll
ally. Hence, we wanted to broaden the scope of the book considerably
relative to the ITC symposium. We had two options: (1) to ask the authors
of the small mammal chapters to broaden their reviews and include refer
ences to other groups of organisms, or (2) to ask a group of additional
authors who worked on dispersal in other kinds of organisms to comment
on the core chapters of the book from their perspectives. We chose the
latter option. By so doing, we would, we believed, achieve two important
objectives. We could both go into depth with small mammals, exploiting
the various authors' specialities and backgrounds, and still enjoy and profit
from the enlarged perspectives provided by authors with experiences far
beyond small mammals. Moreover, by adopting the 'commentary strategy'
we hoped to produce a more cohesive, comprehensive, and broadly based
product than we might have otherwise expected.
The result, the present book, has therefore developed into a treatise
on animal dispersal which goes into depth in the area of small mammal
biology, but claims a much wider scope. In writing this book we have had
both the professional researcher and beginning graduate students in mind.
For both we have provided a synthetic and broad review of the literature.
We hope that readers whose experiences lie outside the small mammal
area will find items of interest and profit in this enterprise as well. For the
students particularly, we have provided in addition a guide to the concep
tual framework of animal dispersal and a methodological guide (both with
respect to experimental design and data analysis) for studying dispersal in
small mammals. We hope that this book will be especially useful to anyone
about to begin a project involving dispersal behaviour. For everyone we
have provided some speculations on directions for the future. In science, it
is not enough to know where we are and where we have been, we want
also to consider where we go from here.
We have purposely not intended this book to be viewed merely as a
symposium proceedings. Even though all but two of the papers presented
at the ITC symposium are included in the book, several additional chap
ters have been written specifically for the book. In addition, the sympo
sium chapters have been extensively revised in order to give them greater
depth of coverage and to better connect the parts.
We have enjoyed working on this book, and have found the collabora
tion with the authors to be professionally very rewarding; we thank them
for their co-operation. We hope that readers will find the book as useful as
we have found it fulfilling to produce.
Nils Chr. Stenseth
William Z. Lidicker, Jr
PART ONE
Introductory chapters
