Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Sustainability Science
and Technology Series
Editor-in-Chief: Robert A. Meyers
Matthew L. Spangler Editor
Animal
Breeding
and Genetics
A Volume in the Encyclopedia of
Sustainability Science and Technology,
Second Edition
Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science
and Technology Series
Editor-in-Chief
RobertA.Meyers
The Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series (ESST)
addresses the grand challenge for science and engineering today. It provides
unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage in more than 600 separate articles
comprising 20 topical volumes, incorporating many updates from the first
edition as well as new articles. ESSTestablishes a foundation for the many
sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions
worldwide.
An indispensable resource for scientistsandengineers indeveloping new
technologies and for applying existing technologies to sustainability, the
EncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnologyseriesispresentedat
theuniversityandprofessionallevelneededforscientists,engineers,andtheir
studentstosupportrealprogressinsustainabilityscienceandtechnology.
Althoughtheemphasisisonscienceandtechnologyratherthanpolicy,the
EncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnologyseriesisalsoacom-
prehensive and authoritative resource for policy makers who want to under-
stand the scope of research and development and how these bottom-up
innovationsmapontothesustainabilitychallenge.
Matthew L. Spangler
Editor
Animal Breeding and
Genetics
A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability
Science and Technology, Second Edition
With64Figuresand43Tables
Editor
MatthewL.Spangler
DepartmentofAnimalScience
UniversityofNebraska
Lincoln,NE,USA
ISSN2629-2378 ISSN2629-2386(electronic)
EncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnologySeries
ISBN978-1-0716-2459-3 ISBN978-1-0716-2460-9(eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2460-9
©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringerNature2023
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Series Preface
Our nearly 1000-member team recognizes that all elements of sustainability
scienceandtechnologycontinuetoadvanceasdoesourunderstandingofthe
needs for water, clean air, food, energy, and health and the relation of every
singleaspectofthisvastbodyofknowledgetoclimatechange.OurEncyclo-
pedia content is at a level for university students, professors, engineers, and
other practicing professionals. It is gratifying for our team to note that our
online First Edition has been heavily utilized as evidenced by over 500,000
downloads,whichofcourseisinadditiontoscientists’utilizationoftheprint
Encyclopediaandprintsinglevolumes.
Now we are pleased to have a Living Reference available online which
assures the sustainability community that we are providing the latest peer-
reviewedcontentcoveringthescienceandtechnologyofthesustainabilityof
the earth, and we are also publishing the content as a series of individual
topicalbooksforeasyusebythosewithaninterestinparticularsubjects.Our
team covers the physical, chemical, and biological processes and measure-
ments that underlie the earth system including pollution and remediation,
health,andclimatechange,andwecomprehensivelycovereveryenergyand
environmenttechnologyaswellasalltypesoffoodproduction,water,trans-
portation,andthesustainablebuiltenvironment.
Our team members include two Nobel Prize winners (McFaddden and
Fischlin), two former Directors of the NSF (Colwell and Killeen), and the
ChiefScientistoftheRockyMountainInstitute(Lovins).Andourmorethan
50eminentsectioneditorsandnowbookeditorsassurequalityofourselected
authorsandtheirreviewpresentations.
Theextentofourcoverageclearlysetsourprojectapartfromotherpubli-
cationswhichnowexist,bothinextentanddepth.Infact,currentcompendia
ofthescienceandtechnologyofseveralofthesetopicsdonotpresentlyexist,
and yetthe content iscrucialtoany evaluation and planning for the sustain-
abilityoftheearth.Itisimportanttonotethattheemphasisofourprojectison
scienceandtechnologyandnotonpolicyandpositions.Rather,policymakers
will use our presentations to evaluate sustainability options. Vital scientific
issuesinclude:humanandanimalecologicalsupportsystems;energysupply
and effects; the planet’s climate system; systems of agriculture, industry,
forestry, and fisheries and the ocean; fresh water and human communities;
wastedisposal;transportationandthebuiltenvironment;aswellasinfectious
diseasesandthevarioussystemsonwhichtheydependandthebalanceofall
v
vi SeriesPreface
ofthesewithsustainability.Inthiscontext,sustainabilityisacharacteristicofa
process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely even as
globalpopulationincreasesfrom7.7billion(2021)toward9.7billionby2050
and11billionaround2100(UNEstimate).Thispopulationgrowthisexpected
mostly in Africa and India and southeast Asia, and the hope for decreasing
malnutrition coupled with better diet, decreasing poverty, and an increase in
wealthimpliessomethinglikea50%increaseinfooddemandbyasearlyas
2030. But, the UN forecasts that if recent trends continue, the number of
people affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030. If the world
economygrowsatanaverageofanominal3%perannum,therewillbemore
thanadoublinginsizeby2050.Thismeansthatglobalproductionofconcrete,
steel,andothermetalsaswellasplastics,whichpresentlymakesupnearlya
thirdofallgreenhouseemissions,willalsolikelydouble.Thebuildingofnew
orexpandedcities,bridges,roads,dams,andmanufacturingplants,aswellas
construction of sea walls and pumping capacity for climate adaptation in
additiontoairconditioningwillberequired.Thismeansthattherearegoing
tobesomerealproblemsinreducingormorelikelyevenslowingthegrowth
ofgreenhousegasemissionsaswellasforenergy,agriculture,andwater.Itis
increasingly clear that conflicting demands among biofuels, food crops, for-
estation, and environmental protection will be difficult to reconcile. The
“green revolution” was heavily dependent on fertilizers which are
manufacturedusingincreasinglyexpensiveanddiminishingreservesoffossil
fuels. In addition, about 70% of available freshwater is used for agriculture.
Clearly,manynaturalresourceswilleitherbecomedepletedorscarcerelative
to population. All of this highlights the need for the technology and science
presentedinthisbookseries aswell astrulymajorincreases inresearchand
development.
PalmDesert,CA,USA RobertA.Meyers,Ph.D.
August2022 Editor-in-Chief
Volume Preface
Demandforanimalproteinproductscontinuestoincreaseamidanincreasing
global population and increased standards of living within numerous coun-
tries.Atthesametime,contemporaryconcernsexistrelativetotheimpactof
climatic changes on animals (both domestic and wild) and potential impacts
that modern animal agriculture may have on the environment. As a conse-
quence, the list of phenotypic traits that are of economic importance to
livestock producers and consumers have changed over time. The general
notionofsustainabilityexplicitlyincludeslivestockenterpriseeconomicvia-
bility, and the future of animal breeding and genetics will require directly
addressing improvements in firm-level economic outcomes in the context of
changing production environments and consumer demands. The field of
Animal Breeding and Genetics is well positioned to meet these challenges.
Geneticselectioncreatescumulativeadvancestowardsadefinedtargetrequir-
ingthatthetargetiswell-definedandcurrent.Newtoolsandmethods,suchas
genomicsandgeneediting,builduponaframeworkforthegeneticevaluation
and selection of animals that has been successful at creating phenotypic
changeandimprovingnumeroustraitsofeconomicimportance.
The aims of this volume are to provide primers relative to the theory and
applicationofAnimalBreedingandGeneticsacrossnumerousspeciesandto
provideinsightintoboththehistoryandfutureofthedisciplinewithrespectto
addressingsustainability.Activescientistsinthefield,aspiringstudents,and
those working in allied industries will find this work as a valuable resource
relative to the current state and future directions of genetic selection and
managementeffortsacrossnumerousspecies.
I would like to thank all of the authors who contributed their time and
expertisetothisvolume.Tohavesuchanaccomplishedlistofinternationally
recognizedauthorsisimpressiveandverymuchappreciated.Iwouldalsolike
to express my sincere appreciation to Ms. Sunali Mull for her help and
guidancethroughouttheprocessofcompletingthiswork.
Lincoln,USA MatthewL.Spangler
November2022
vii
Contents
AnimalBreedingandGenetics:Introduction ................. 1
MatthewL.Spangler
AnimalBreedingMethodsandSustainability ................. 5
AgustinBlasco
QuantitativeMethodsAppliedtoAnimalBreeding ............ 25
GuilhermeJ.M.Rosa
FoundationsofMolecularGenetics:FromMajor
GenestoGenomics ...................................... 51
RalucaG.Mateescu
BuildingGeneticModels .................................. 63
L.DaleVanVleck
GenotypebyEnvironmentInteractionsinLivestock
Farming ............................................... 77
FrancescoTiezziandChristianMaltecca
SociallyAffectedTraits,InheritanceandGenetic
Improvement ........................................... 99
PiterBijma
PigBreedingforIncreasedSustainability .................... 139
PieterW.Knap
PoultryBreeding ........................................ 181
SamuelE.AggreyandRomdhaneRekaya
BeefCattleBreeding ..................................... 191
DonaghBerry
NovelTraitSelectiontoEnhanceSustainabilityofBeef
ProductionSystems ...................................... 223
ElizabethDressler,JasonE.Sawyer,andMeganM.Rolf
DairyCattleBreeding .................................... 243
JennieE.Pryce
SustainableGeneticImprovementinDairyGoats ............. 261
ErinMassender,LuizF.Brito,andFlavioS.Schenkel
ix
x Contents
HorseBreeding ......................................... 279
JessicaL.Petersen
BreedinginDevelopingCountriesandTropics ................ 297
S.W.P.Cloete
SustainabilityofWildPopulations:AConservationGenetics
Perspective ............................................. 355
JenniferM.Thomson
BreedinginanEraofGenomeEditing ...................... 369
EmilyLouiseClark
Long-TermChallengesforAnimalBreeding .................. 385
RobertBanks
Index .................................................. 411
