Table Of ContentANGLICISMS NEOLOGISMS AND DYNAMIC FRENCH
LINGVISTICÆ INVESTIGATIONES: SUPPLEMENTA
Studies in French & General Linguistics /
Etudes en Linguistique Française et Générale
This series has been established as a companion
series to the periodical "LINGVISTICE INVESTIGATIONES",
which started publication in 1977. It is published
by the Laboratoire d'Automatique
Documentaire et Linguistique du C.N.R.S. (Paris VII).
Series-Editors:
Jean-Claude Chevalier (Université Paris VIII)
Maurice Gross (Université Paris VII)
Christian Leclère (L.A.D.L.)
Volume 18
Michael D. Picone
Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French
ANGLICISMS,
NEOLOGISMS AND
DYNAMIC FRENCH
MICHAEL D. PICONE
University of Alabama
JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Picone, Michael D.
Anglicisms, neologisms and dynamic French / Michael D. Picone.
p. cm. - (Linguisticae investigationes. Supplementa ISSN 0165-7569; v. 18)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. French language-Foreign words and phrases-English. 2. French language—Foreign
elements-English. 3. French language-New Words. I. Title. II. Series.
PC2582.E5P53 1996
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© Copyright 1996 - John Benjamins B.V.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1: Definitions and Issues
1.1 General Orientation; Defining Anglicisms and Neologisms 1
Definitions for:
(1.) Integral borrowings 4
(2.) Semantic borrowings (semantic calques) 4
(3.) Structural borrowings (structural calques) 4
(4.) Pseudo-Anglicisms 5
(5.) Hybrids 5
(6.) Graphological borrowings 5
(7.) Phonological borrowings 7
1.2 Delimiting the Field of Investigation 8
1.3 Lexical vs. Syntactic Borrowing 10
1.4 Defining Derivation and Compounding 12
1.5 Innovations in French Lexicogenesis 14
1.5.1 Samples 14
1.5.2 Sources 14
1.6 The Analyticity-Syntheticity Axis 17
1.6.1 The Controversy 17
1.6.2 Analyticity' and the Legacy of Borrowing 22
1.7 Anglicisms in the Larger Neological Context 24
1.8 Accelerating and Revamping Traditional Neology 28
1.9 Normativity and Neology 29
Chapter 2: Juxtapositional Neology
2.1 Describing Juxtapositional Neologisms 32
2.2 Anglicisms as Constituents in Juxtapositional Neology 34
2.2.1 Integral Borrowings, Pseudo-Anglicisms and Hybrids 34
vi ANGLICISMS, NEOLOGISMS AND DYNAMIC FRENCH
2.2.2 Compositional Elements Borrowed from English 35
2.2.2.1 baby 37
2.2.2.2 big 38
2.2.2.3 black 40
2.2.2.4 blue 44
2.2.2.5 brown, green, pink, red, white 45
2.2.2.6 express 47
2.2.2.7 fast 48
2.2.2.8 first 50
2.2.2.9 free 51
2.2.2.10 happy 53
2.2.2.11 high (hi) 54
2.2.2.12 hot, cool, cold 57
2.2.2.13 new 59
2.2.2.14 quick 65
2.2.2.15 top 66
2.3 Selection Criteria 75
2.3.1 Selection of Borrowed Constituents 75
2.3.2 Selection of Structures and Graphological Representations 76
2.3.3.1 Selection of Native Constituents together with Innovative Struc
tures and Graphological Representations 80
2.3.3.2 rapide 80
2.3.3.3 magique 81
2.3.3.4 moderne 85
2.3.3.5 Other Native Constituents 88
2.4 Calques 90
2.4.1 Structural Calques 90
2.4.2 Semantic Calques 95
2.4.3 prêt-à-porter 104
Chapter 3: Binomial Constructions
3.1 Generalities 110
3.2 Apposition 117
3.2.1 Accelerated Productivity 117
3.2.2 Apposition in Relation to Dvandvas 125
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
3.2.3 Appositional Binomials Viewed as a Superclass Arranged along
a Continuum 129
3.2.4 The N + [V-STEM + NOMINALIZER] Formula 131
AGENT N
3.2.5 Appositional Designations of Gender, Status and Age; Compar
ing and Contrasting Native Stock and Anglicisms 133
3.2.5.1 femme 133
3.2.5.2 Miss, Lady 137
3.2.5.3 homme 138
3.2.5.4 Mister, Lord, King 144
3.2.5.5 enfant, fille, garçon, bébé 145
3.2.5.6 girl, boy, baby 148
3.2.6.1 Figurative Appositions 151
3.2.6.2 Parallel Incorporation of Anglicisms and Native Constituents 151
3.2.6.2 étoile/star 152
3.2.6.3 soleil/sun 154
3.2.6.4 éclair/flash 155
3.2.6.5 Virtual Co-reference 160
3.3 Subordinating Ellipsis 163
3.3.1 Nature and Precedent 163
3.3.2 The Link to the Genitive of Juxtaposition 165
3.3.3 Anglicisms as Constituents in Genitive Binomials 169
3.3.4 Inversion in Genitive Binomials 172
3.3.5 Extensions in the Use of Subordinating Ellipsis 174
3.3.6 Animate Common Nouns as Genitive Constituents 176
3.3.7 English-Origin Constituents Licensing Inversion of Animate Com
mon Nouns in Genitive Constructs 177
3.3.8 Pseudo-Anglicisms Incorporating -'s 179
3.3.9 Moving Beyond Animateness 180
3.3.10 Moving Beyond Genitivity and Tracing the Role of Appositional
Crossover 183
3.3.11 Ambivalent Constituents Contributing to Binomial Ellipsis 193
3.3.12 Summary Remarks on Subordinating Ellipsis; More Patterns and
Attestations 197
3.3.13 English Influence on French Subordinating Ellipsis 205
3.3.13.1 Generalities 205
3.3.13.2 Calques 206
3.3.13.3 At Issue: Calques and the Cardinal Points 217
viii ANGLICISMS, NEOLOGISMS AND DYNAMIC FRENCH
3.3.13.4 Integral Borrowings 220
3.3.13.5 Hybrids and Pseudo-Anglicisms 229
3.3.13.5.1 Generalities 229
3.3. 13.5.2 An Example of Patterning 230
3.3.13.5.3 -burger 232
3.3.13.5.4 -ball 232
3.3.13.5.5 -room 233
3.3.13.5.6 show 234
3.3.13.5.7 -story 236
3.3.13.5.8 -shop, -store 238
3.3.13.5.9 -center 240
3.3.13.5.10 test 242
3.3.13.6. Anglicisms Licensing Ellipsis without Benefit of Direct Pat
terning 245
3.3.13.6.1 Generalities 245
3.3.13.6.2 kit 246
3.3.13.6.3 look 247
3.3.13.6.4 star 249
3.3.13.7 Summary Remarks on English Influence on Subordinating El
lipsis in Binomials 250
Chapter 4: Neological Diversity
4.1 Generalities 253
4.2 Trinomials 255
4.2.1 Describing Trinomials; Presenting the Data 255
4.2.2 Analysis 260
4.2.3 Sorting out Pragmatics, Iconicity and Morphosyntax 262
4.2.4 Assigning Precedents and Origins 264
4.3 Compounds of the form VERB + COMPLEMENT 266
4.3.1 A Long-standing Theoretical Problem: Parsing the Verb Form 266
4.3.2 The Prolific VERB + D.O. Formula 269
4.3.3 VERB + COMPLEMENT Constructions in Relation to English 271
4.3.3.1 Origins; Developments Concerning English 271
4.3.3.2 N + [V + N] Strings 274
4.3.3.3 Integral Borrowings of the Form VERB + ADV 276
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
4.4 Pseudo-Classical Neology 281
4.4.1 General Discussion; A Note on -(o)rama 281
4.4.2 Truncation 286
4.4.3 self 291
4.4.4 -man 296
4.4.5. OAF + OAF Compounds and N + [AF/ADJ + N] Strings 307
4.4.5.1 Origins and Extensions 307
4.4.5.2 N + [ADJ + N] Strings: toutlhautltroisllonglhighltoplnew 312
4.4.5.3 N + [AF +N] Strings: multi-anti-inter- and the Link to
N + [PREP + N] Strings 317
4.5 Derivational Morphology 328
4.5.1 Generalities; Derivatives of Abbreviations and Acronyms 328
4.5.2. The English-Origin Nominal Suffix -er 334
4.5.2.1 Generalities; Impact on the Cognate -eur; Agency 334
4.5.2.2 A Variationist Approach to -er 339
4.5.3. The English-Origin Nominal Suffix -ing 344
4.5.3.1 Background 344
4.5.3.2 The Velar Nasal and Posterior Consonantal Instability 346
4.5.3.3 More History; Citations 350
4.5.3.4 The Morphosyntax of French -ing 355
Conclusion 366
Bibliography 369
Index of Names 385
Index of Linguistic Forms 391
Acknowledgments
This volume is partially based on a revision and reorganization of my
doctoral dissertation (Picone 1987). While many of the basic tenets of what
follows were laid out in that original dissertation, virtually all the important
points have been refined, recast and augmented, and a considerable body of
new topics has been introduced. Anyone familiar with the original
dissertation will find in this present volume an abundance of additional data
and will regularly encounter fresh arguments and analyses. Gratitude, there
fore, is owed both to those who helped with the dissertation and to those
whose subsequent help has contributed to the present state of my work as it is
represented in this volume.
In rightful first place, I direct recognition and gratitude to my dissertation
research director at the Sorbonne, Frédéric Deloffre, who, in addition to
effectively fulfilling all research-related tasks, became a most supportive
friend. I also wish to recognize those who served on the dissertation jury,
especially Jacqueline Hellegouarc'h (Sorbonne) and Solange Lamothe
(Université de Lyon), whose insights and suggestions proved to be of
immense benefit. At various stages, others took the time to become familiar
with my work on Metropolitan French lexical productivity and offered
helpful criticisms, suggestions and encouragements. In this regard, I would
like to make grateful mention of Bernard Quemada and Gabrielle Quemada
(both at the Institut national de la langue française), Claude Kannas
(Larousse), Josette Rey-Debove (Le Robert), Henriette Walter (Université de
Haute Bretagne and Ecole pratique des hautes études), Michèle Noailly
(Université de Bretagne occidentale), and especially John Humbley (Centre
de terminologie et néologie).
This study could not have existed in its present form without the benefit of
many previous lexicological and linguistic studies whose special merit this
author gratefully recognizes. These are too numerous to name, but three
works to which I owe a particularly large debt can be singled out for
mention. Josette Rey-Debove & Gilberte Gagnon's Dictionnaire des
anglicismes (1980, .1990, Le Robert), Manfred Höfler's Dictionnaire des
