andreoli and carpenter' s cecil essentials of medicine

1313 Pages·2013·47.99 MB·English

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ANDREOLI
and CARPENTER’S

C e c i l
E s s e n t i a l s o f

MEDICINE
8th EDITION
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ANDREOLI
and CARPENTER’S
C e c i l
E s s e n t i a l s o f

MEDICINE
8th EDITION
Editor-in-Chief
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI, MD, MACP, FRCP (Edin.),
FRCP (London), ScD (hon.), Docteur (hon.), MD (hon.)†
Distinguished Professor
Nolan Chair Emeritus
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Physiology and Biophysics
University of Arkansas College of Medicine
Little Rock, Arkansas
(†Deceased)
Editors
Ivor J. Benjamin, MD, FACC, FAHA
Professor of Medicine
Adjunct Professor of Biochemistry
Christi T. Smith Endowed Chair for Cardiovascular Research
Director, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Biomedicine
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, Utah
Robert C. Griggs, MD, FACP, FAAN
Professor of Neurology, Medicine, Pediatrics, and
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Rochester, New York
Edward J. Wing, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Dean of Medicine and Biological Sciences
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
1 600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ANDREOLI AND CARPENTER ’ S CECIL ESSENTIALS OF MEDICINE ISBN: 978-1-4160-6109-0
International Edition ISBN: 978-0-8089-2428-9
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this fi eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they
have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identifi ed, readers are advised to check the most current
information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
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material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2007, 2004, 2001, 1997, 1993, 1990, 1986 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Andreoli and Carpenter ’ s Cecil essentials of medicine / editor-in-chief, Thomas E. Andreoli; editors, Ivor J.
Benjamin, Robert C. Griggs, Edward J. Wing. — 8th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-6109-0
1. Internal medicine — Textbooks. I. Andreoli, Thomas E., 1935-2009 II. Cecil, Russell L. (Russell La
Fayette), 1881-1965. I II. T itle: Cecil essentials of medicine. I V. T itle: Essentials of medicine.
[DNLM: 1. Internal Medicine. WB 115 A559 2010]
RC46.C42 2010
616 — dc22 2009027158

Cover: Hemoglobin subunit: Phantatomix / Photo Researchers, Inc.; False-color (computer graphics)
photograph of a resin cast of the human bronchial tree, the network of airways serving both lungs: Alfred
Pasieka / Photo Researchers, Inc.; DNA: Dr. A. Lesk, MRC-LMB / Photo Researchers, Inc.; Osteoarthritis of
foot, X-ray: DR P. MARAZZI / Photo Researchers, Inc.
Acquisitions Editor: James Merritt
Managing Editor: Rebecca Gruliow
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
Thomas E. Andreoli
When Dr. Thomas Andreoli died of a cere-
bral hemorrhage on April 14, 2009, he had
nearly completed the editorial oversight of
this, the eighth edition of the textbook he
co-founded in 1986. In many ways this text-
book epitomizes his career as an educator,
clinical scientist, and international leader of
the medical profession.
As an outstanding, life-long investigator in
his chosen field of nephrology, Dr. Andreoli
served as president of both national and
international medical societies and was rec-
ognized by honorary doctoral degrees from
both European and American universities.
As a dedicated bedside clinician and teacher, Dr. Andreoli served as an outstanding chair of medicine, and
endowed chairs in his name were established at both the University of Alabama School of Medicine and the
University of Arkansas College of Medicine. His superlative teaching was recognized by his receiving, inter
alia, the Louis Pasteur Award from the University Louis Pasteur, Mastership of the American College of
Physicians, and the Robert H. Williams Distinguished Chair of Medicine Award from the Association of
Professors of Medicine.
Perhaps Dr. Andreoli’s most distinguished contribution was his lifelong Oslerian devotion to translating
medical science from bench to bedside. Despite his major national and international commitments, he
continued throughout his career to hold morning resident teaching rounds five times weekly, maintaining
a broad knowledge of all aspects of internal medicine and genuinely and gently transmitting that knowledge
to two generations of medical students. He was uniquely qualified for, and committed to, imparting his
wisdom and skill as a physician, which provided the basis for his serving as a founding editor of Essentials
of Medicine, and editor-in-chief of its last three editions. We feel immensely privileged to have been his
co-editors and friends, and we dedicate this text to Dr. Thomas Andreoli.
Charles C. J. Carpenter, MD, MACP
Professor of Medicine
Brown Medical School
Director, Brown University AIDS Center
Providence, Rhode Island
Clementine M. Whitman
No tribute to Dr. Andreoli’s accomplishments would be complete without acknowledging the contributions
of Clementine Whitman, his personal assistant of 40 years, who moved with him from Alabama to Texas
and to Arkansas. Clementine was the hub of Dr. Andreoli’s professional and personal life, meticulously
handling every detail. Dr. Andreoli, a man as demanding of others as of himself, was indeed blessed and
fortunate to have such a talented, dedicated, loyal, and hard-working person by his side.
Sudhir V. Shah, MD, FACP
Professor of Medicine
Director, Division of Nephrology
University of Arkansas College of Medicine
Little Rock, Arkansas
Chief, Renal Section, Medicine Service
John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital
Little Rock, Arkansas
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Andreoli and Carpenter’s Cecil Essentials of Medicine International Advisory Board
NAME DISCIPLINE COUNTRY
Professor J. S. Bajaj Endocrinology India
Chief Consultant and Director
Department of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic
Medicine
Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre
New Delhi, India
[email protected]
Professor Massimo G. Colombo, MD Hepatology/Gastroenterology Italy
Professor and Chairman
Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology
IRCCS Maggiore Hospital
University of Milan
Milan, Italy
[email protected]
Professor Bertrand Fontaine, MD Neurology France
Professor of Neurology
Faculté de Médecine
Fédération des Maladies du Système Nerveux
Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière
Paris, France
[email protected]
Professor Arnoldo Guzmán-Sanchez Women’s Health Mexico
Professor and Chair
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hospital Civil de Guadalajara
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
[email protected]
Professor Kiyoshi Kurokawa, MD Nephrology Japan
President, Science Council of Japan
Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo
Roppongi, Minato-ku
Tokyo, Japan
[email protected]
Professor Umesh G. Lalloo, MD, FCCP General Internal Medicine/HIV South Africa
Head, Department of Pulmonology and HIV
Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
University of Kwa-Zulu Natal
Durban, South Africa
[email protected]
Professor Pal Magyar Pulmonary Medicine Hungary
Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Semmelweis University
Budapest, Hungary
[email protected]
Professor John Newsom-Davis, MD Neurology United Kingdom
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Neurology
Radcliffe Infirmary
Woodstock Road
Oxford, United Kingdom
[email protected]