Anderson 2002 – Curculionidae

94 Pages·2002·4.94 MB·English

722•Family131.Curculionidae
131. CURCULIONIDAE Latreille 1802
by Robert S. Anderson
Familycommonname:Theweevilsorsnoutbeetles
W
eevils are one of the most diverse groups of organisms. Over 60,000 species have been described world
wideandtheirdiversityinNorthAmericaischallengedamongbeetlesperhapsonlybyStaphylinidae.Wee-
vilsareassociatedwithvirtuallyallkindsof plantsandplantparts.Mostfeedonlivingplantsbutsomeare
saprophagous.Weevilsareimmediatelyrecognizablebytheirelongaterostrum(orsnout),withmouthpartssituatedat
theapex,geniculateantennaeandcompactantennalclub.SomeweevilsinthesubfamiliesEntiminae,Cossoninaeand
Scolytinaehave the rostrumreduced in formandnotmarkedlyproduced anteriorly. Traditionalconsiderationsof the
weevils do not include Scolytinae and Platypodinae but increasing evidence suggests these beetles are derived from
withinCurculionidae.
Description (based on in some, dorsal. Mandibles of some bearing a scar at apex or
Lawrence 1982): Shape very deciduousprocess.Maxillaeinsomeconcealedbyexpandedmen-
variable,broadlyovaltoelon- tum,afewwithdistinctgaleaandlacinia.Labialpalpiofoneor
gate,slightlyflattenedtomark- twoarticles,rarelyabsent;insomeweevilspalpiinsertedincavi-
edlyconvex,mostcoveredwith tiesontheventralsurfaceoftheprementum.Proventriculusof
recumbent or appressed somelackingsclerotizedplates.Frontcoxaecontiguousorsepa-
vestitureofscales,somewith rated,middleandhindcoxaevariable.Tarsiof5articlesbutarticle
metallicsheenorformingcon- 4verysmallandhiddenbetweenlobesofarticle3(exception,
trasting patterns, some Raymondionyminaewithonly4articles);tarsalclawsofsome
subglabrous or with erect or connateandsimpleorwithabasalprocessortooth.Abdomen
suberect hairs only; length withfirsttwoventritesconnate,veryrarelyfree.Pygydiumformed
from 1-40 mm (most 2-20 bytergiteVIIorVIII,inmostconcealedbeneathapexofelytra,
mm); color variable, typically exposedand/orsulcateinsome.Cappieceoftegmenmaybe
black or dark brown, more reduced and may or may not be bilobed, occasionally absent;
rarelyofothercolors. aedeaguswithatrough-likeventralplateand membranousdor-
Eyes present, may be re- sally;insomeaedeaguswithseparatepedonandtectum.
ducedorabsent.Rostrumvary- Larvae (based on Lawrence 1982) subcylindrical, slightly
ingfromveryshortandindis- curved; lightly sclerotized and grublike; usually with very fine
FIGURE 1.131. Sphenophorus tincttoverylongandnarrow; hairs.Headhypognathousandfree,rarelyretractedintoprotho-
pertinax (Olivier)
mostsexuallydimorphicwith rax.Frontalarms(cid:147)v-shaped(cid:148)andnotreachingmandibularar-
femalerostrumlonger,finerandwithpositionofantennalinser- ticulations,endocarinausuallypresent.Stemmataabsentinmost.
tionmorebasal.Antennaegeniculate(veryfewexceptionswhere Antennaeof1or2articlesandapicalarticlesometimesaconical
scapeisveryshortandpositionofantennalinsertiononrostrum sensorium.Frontoclypealsuturepresent.Labrumfree,usually
isbasal);clubofthreearticles(sometimeswithone),compact,in with4pairsofsetae.Maxillaewithgaleaandlaciniafusedtoform
sometheapicalarticlesrecessedinglabrousbasalarticle;funicle mala, maxillary palpi usually of 2 articles. Labial palpi of 1 or
of5-7articles,slender;pointofantennalinsertiononrostrumis rarely,andindistinctly,of 2articles.Abdominaltergitesusually
various,mostlybetweenmidlengthandapex,mostlylateralbut with 3 or 4 transverse plicae. Thoracic spiracles found on the
prothoraxorbetweenprothoraxandmesothorax.Legsabsent.
Habitsandhabitats.ThehabitsandhabitatsofScolytinae,
Acknowledgments: This chapter includes major contributions by
longtreatedasaseparatefamily,aresummarizedunderthatsub-
RobertJ.Rabaglia(Scolytinae),HenryA.Hespenheide(Conoderinae),
Boris A. Korotyaev (Ceutorhynchinae), and Anne T. Howden familyheading.
(Entiminae), to whom I am deeply grateful. I also thank the many Weevilscanbefoundassociatedwithjustaboutanykindof
peoplewhocontributedtothischapterinotherways,byproviding plant in any terrestrial or freshwater habitat. Most species are
specimens,literatureoradvice,bycheckingtextorkeys,orbyanswering strictly phytophagous as adults and larvae and usually have a
mymanyquestions.ThesepeopleareCharlesW.O(cid:146)Brien,HoraceR. narrowrangeofsuitablehostplants.Mostspeciesareassociated
Burke,BorisA.Korotyaev,MiguelAlonso-Zarazaga,AnneT.Howden,
withangiospermsbutafewareassociatedwithgymnosperms,
DonaldE.Bright,ChrisLyal,EnzoColonnelli,andSteveLingafelter.
mainlythevariousconifersinthePinaceae.Adultandlarvalfeed-
Line illustrations are by Nadine DupØrrØ of Laval, Quebec. Paul
inghabitsvaryextensivelybutcanlooselybeclassifiedintotwo
SkelleyandMikeThomasprovidedtheneededpushtogetitdone.
groups: one in which both adults and larvae are polyphagous
Family131.Curculionidae•723
3
2
FIGURES2.131-3.131.2.Lateralviewofageneralizedcurculionidhead;schematic;3.Lateralhabitusofageneralizedcurculionid;schematic
(bothafterKissinger1964)
(Entiminae), and one in which adults and larvae have a more ornearwater.Mostofthesetaxaarebestfoundatnightwhen
restrictedrangeofhostplants(othersubfamilies).Amongthe adultscomeupontotheplantstofeed.Afewweevilsarefound
polyphagousspecies,thelarvaefeedexternallyinthesoilonroots inintertidalsituations(e.g.,manyCossoninae, Emphyastes,and
whereastheadultsfeedgenerallyonfoliage.Specieswithmore Thalasselephas)wheretheydevelopindriftwoodorseaweed.There
restrictedrangesofhostsusuallyfeedlittleasadults(oftenvisit- aremanyweevilsinaridhabitatssuchasdeserts(Entiminae)and
ingflowers)orfeedonfoliageorreproductivestructures,and grasslands (Baridinae and Ceutorhynchinae), likely because of
theirlarvaefeedinternallyinthestems,roots,leavesorreproduc- theirassociationswiththeplantsthatdominatethosehabitats.A
tivestructuresofafewcongericorconfamilialplanttaxa.Some greatnumberofweevilsthathaveimmigratedtoNorthAmerica
weevillarvaeintheHyperinaeandCeutorhynchinaefeedexter- fromEuropearelikelyassociatedwithimportedornamentalplants
nally on foliage and reproductive structures. Pupation usually oramongstballastbroughtbyshipsattheturnofthe19thcen-
takesplaceinthehostplantorinthesoilbutspeciesofHypera tury.
andCionusconstructalooselywovencocoonthatisattachedto Variousgroupsof weevilsarealsocommonasQuaternary
thehostplant. fossilsinnorthernNorthAmericaandareimportantinrecon-
Adults of some weevil species (Raymondionyminae and structingthelateCenozoichistoryofnorthernhabitats(Matthews
Molytinae)havereducedeyesorareeyelessandliveinthesoilor 1982).
leaflitter.SomeweevilspeciesintheConoderinae,Cossoninae, Obviouslyamorecompletesummaryofthenaturalhistory
CryptorhynchinaeandMolytinaefeedindeadplantmaterial,usu- ofCurculionidaeisbeyondthescopeofthesefewnotes.
allywood.Somespeciesappeartoliveinassociationwithants, Statusoftheclassification.Theclassificationofthewee-
although this appears an obligate relationship only for vilswasregardedbyCrowsonin1955asthelastgreatproblemto
Liometophilus(Cryptorhynchinae).SomespeciesofEntiminaeare beclarifiedwithintheColeoptera.Whiletherehavebeenmany
parthenogenetic. Most Entiminae as well as some Crypto- advancesintheclassification,muchstillremainstoberesolved.
rhynchinaeandMolytinaeareflightless. TheclassificationusedhereinlargelyisthatofAlonso-Zarazaga
Curculionidaeareaveryimportantgroupeconomically.Some andLyal(1999)withafewchangesinplacementandrankingof
speciesareseriouspestsofornamental,agriculturalandforestry certaintaxa.Atotalof18subfamiliesarerecognized.Lawrence
plantsandhavewell-knowncommonnames(e.g.,bollweevil, andNewton(1995),theclassificationatthefamilyleveladopted
whitepineweevil,strawberryrootweevil,blackvineweevil,etc.). forthisbook,recognizeonly6subfamilieswithinCurculionidae,
Recently,specieshavebecomeincreasinglyusedinthebiological demotingmanysubfamiliestotribeswithintheirCurculioninae.
control of introduced pest plants (e.g., Neochetina, Hylobius, TheyalsorefertotheEntiminaeasBrachycerinaealthoughthe
Cyphocleonus,Eustenopus,etc.)particularlyinwesternNorthAmeri- constitution remains basically the same. They recognize
cangrasslandsandsoutheasternaquatichabitats(O(cid:146)Brien1995). DryophthorinaeasaseparatefamilybutnotRaymondionyminae
AnexcellentreviewofthebiologyofAnthonominiisbyBurke andErirhininae,allthreeofwhicharerecognizedasfamiliesin
(1976). the classifications of Thompson (1992) and Alonso-Zarazaga
SomesubfamiliesasErirhininae,Bagoinae,Cyclominaeand andLyal(1999).Theseauthorsconsidertheseashavingfamily
Ceutorhynchinaehaveanumberofgeneraandspeciesassociated level status because they do not share the same derived male
withfreshwatermacrophytes.Manyofthesespeciesareverygood genitalicstructureastheCurculionidaesensustricto.Hereinallare
swimmers(Morris1995)andadultsspendmostoftheirtimein consideredsubfamilieswithinCurculionidae.Theclassification
724•Family131.Curculionidae
ofKuschel(1995)isverysimilartothatofLawrenceandNew- thedifferentnamesbeingusedfordifferentdegreesofdevelop-
ton (1995) but includes Ithyceridae within the subfamily mentandpositioningoftheapicaltooth.Associatedwiththisis
BrachycerinaeofCurculionidae. theuseoftheterm(cid:145)apicalcombofsetae(cid:146)whichIusetoapplyto
CatalogsareavailableforsomegroupsofCurculionidaein therowofsetaethatmaybeacrosstheapexofthehindtibiaor
NorthAmerica(e.g.,Howden1993;O(cid:146)Brien1986,1989,1996, insomeweevilsisdisplacedbyachangeinpositionoftheapical
1997) and an annotated checklist (and supplements) with full toothtobeorientedlongitudinallytothemainaxisofthetibia.
synonyms,informationaboutkeys,anddistributionshasbeen Wedouse(cid:145)corbel(cid:146)andrelatedtermsinthekeystoEntiminae,
published(O(cid:146)BrienandWibmer1982,1984;WibmerandO(cid:146)Brien contrary to the recommendations of Thompson (1992). See
1989).Areviewofthestateofknowledgeaboutimmaturesisby Thompson(1992)fordetails.
BurkeandAnderson(1976).Excellent(butoutdated)regional
workstothespecieslevelarethoseofHatch(1971)forthePacific CLASSIFICATIONOFTHENEARCTICSUBFAMILIESANDTRIBES
NorthwestandDownieandArnett(1996)fornortheasternNorth
America. Blatchley and Leng (1916) remains an old standard. CurculionidaeLatreille1802
ManyofthekeysusedhereinaremodifiedfromKissinger(1964). I.Dryophthorinae
Distribution.Curculionidsarefoundjustabouteverywhere 1.Dryophthorini
inNorthAmerica.DiversityisgreatestinthesouthernUnited 2.Orthognathini
Statesbutnorecentregionalcountsareavailable.Thelasttabula- 3.Rhynchophorini
tionfortheNearcticRegionasawholewasin1978byO(cid:146)Brien II.Erirhininae
andWibmerwhocounted239generaand2388species.Bousquet 4.Erirhinini
(1991)recordedalmost700speciesinCanadaandAlaska.Ander- III.Raymondionyminae
son(1993a)counted249speciesin115generainextremesouth- 5.Raymondionymini
ern Florida alone. Many recent additions to the fauna are the IV.Curculioninae
resultofdeliberateintroductionsforbiologicalcontrolpurposes 6.Curculionini
butalso,anumberof taxarecentlyaddedtotheNorthAmerican 7.Acalyptini
faunaarefromextremesouthernFloridaorTexasandarerecent 8. Anthonomini
discoveries.ThespeciesIsochnusarcticus(Korotyaev1976)isfound 9.Cionini
asfarnorthasEllesmereIslandatalmost82degreesnorthlati- 10.Derelomini
tude. 11.Ellescini
Some weevil species are routinely intercepted at ports of 12.Mecinini
entryofforeignmaterials(especiallyagriculturalproducts)into 13.Otidocephalini
theUnitedStatesandCanada.Someofthesetaxahavetradition- 14.Rhamphini
allyoroccasionallybeenconsideredaspartoftheNorthAmeri- 15.Smicronychini
canfaunaandincludedinkeysandfaunallists.Atpresent,there 16.Storeini
isnoevidencetosuggesttheyareestablishedinNorthAmerica 17.Tychiini
andtheyarenotincludedinthekey.Thesegeneraare:Diocalandra V.Bagoinae
Faust1894;DynatopechusMarshall1931;SternochetusPierce1917; VI.Baridinae
LiophloeusGermar1817;EuophryumBroun1909. 18.Baridini
Terminology.Ingeneral,standardtermsforbeetleanatomy 19.Madarini
areusedinthekeysandtext(seeFigs.2,3).Generallyknownand 20.Madopterini
readily visible characters are used where possible but in some 21.Nertinini
instancesspecializedcharactersrequiringhighmagnificationor VII.Ceutorhynchinae
dissectionsarerequired.Simplyput,someweevilgroupsaredif- 22.Ceutorhynchini
ficulttoidentify.Measurementsof bodylengtharetakenfrom 23.Cnemogonini
theanteriormarginoftheeyestotheapexoftheelytra;thesnout 24.Hypurini
isnotincluded.Ontheelytra,intervalsarenumberedwiththe 25.Mononychini
suturalintervalbeinginterval1.Tarsalarticlesarenumberedfrom 26.Phytobiini
1through5,with5beingtheterminalorapicalarticlebearingthe 27.Scleropterini
claws;article4isverysmallandrecessedbetweenthelobesof VIII.Conoderinae
article3.Iusethetermventritetoapplytothevisibleabdominal 28.Lechriopini
sternites and they are numbered from 1 through 5, the latter 29.Zygopini
beingterminal. 30.Tachygonini
Inolderliteraturetheterms(cid:145)uncus(cid:146)and(cid:145)mucro(cid:146)areusedto IX.Cossoninae
describethestructureoftheapicaltoothonthehindtibia.Fol- 31.Cossonini
lowingThompson(1992),Ihavechosennottousetheseterms 32.Acamptini
ascomparativestudyshowsthemtorefertothesamestructure, 33.Dryotribini
Family131.Curculionidae•725
34.Onycholipini 82.Petalochilini
35.Pentarthrini 83.Piazorhinini
36.Proecini 84.Pissodini
37.Rhyncolini 85.Sternechini
X.Cryptorhynchinae 86.Thalasselephantini
38.Cryptorhynchini 87.Trypetidini
39.Gasterocercini XVII.Scolytinae
XI.Cyclominae 88.Hylesinini
40.Rhythirrinini 89.Scolytini
XII. Entiminae XVIII.Platypodinae
41.Agraphini 90.Platypodini
42.Alophini
43.Anypotactini KEYTOTHENEARCTICSUBFAMILIESOFCURCULIONIDAE
44.Brachyderini
45.Cneorhinini 1. Pregular sutures present; pregular sclerite distinct,
46.Cyphicerini located between median gular suture and labial
articulation; head with rostrum virtually absent;
47.Eudiagogini
at least one pair of tibiae with denticles or stout
48.Eustylini socketed setae along the dorsal (outer) margin
49.Geonemini ......................................................................... 2
50.Hormorini (cid:151) Pregular sutures absent; pregular sclerite not evi-
dent; head with rostrum variable from very long
51.Naupactini
and cylindrical to short and broad, or (rarely)
52.Omiini nearly absent; tibiae lacking denticles or stout
53.Ophryastini socketed setae along the dorsal (outer) margin
54.Otiorhynchini ......................................................................... 3
55.Peritelini
2(1). Tarsus with article 1 as long as articles 2-5 com-
56.Phyllobiini bined;headaswideaspronotum;pronotumusu-
57.Polydrusini ally with lateral constriction near middle; anten-
58.Sciaphilini nalclubwithoutsutures;lateraldenticlesonfront
tibia not socketed....XVIII. Platypodinae (p. 805)
59.Sitonini
(cid:151) Tarsuswitharticle1notlongerthanarticles2or3;
60.Tanymecini head narrower than pronotum, often concealed
61.Thecesternini by pronotum when viewed dorsally; pronotum
62.Trachyphloeini not constricted laterally; antennal club with su-
tures; lateral denticles on front tibia socketed or
63.Tropiphorini
(rarely) not....................XVII. Scolytinae (p. 792)
XIII.Hyperinae
64.Hyperini 3(1). Tarsus of 4 subequal articles (Fig. 12); eyes absent
XIV.Lixinae (Fig.11);bodysizesmall(<5mm);bodycolorgen-
erally pale orange-red or pale brown; tibia at in-
65.Lixini
ner apical angle with small tooth much shorter
66.Cleonini than a tarsal claw................................................
67.Rhinocyllini ..........................III. Raymondionyminae (p. 732)
XV.Mesoptiliinae (cid:151) Tarsus of 5 articles, but with article 4 very small
and difficult to see between lobes of article 3
68.Laemosaccini
(Fig. 88); eyes absent or present, well-developed,
69.Magdalidini or reduced in size and represented by only from
XVI.Molytinae 1 to a few facets (Fig. 51); body size various;
70.Molytini body color various; tibia at apex various but if
eyesarelackingoralmostso,tibiawithlargetooth
71.Trachodini
arising from outer apical angle......................... 4
72.Anchonini
73.Camarotini 4(3).1 Tarsuswithclawswidelyseparatedbydermallobes
74.Cholini extended between them from both dorsal and
ventral surfaces at apex of article 5; mouthparts
75.Cleogonini
with prementum withdrawn into oral cavity, palpi
76.Conotrachelini mostly or entirely concealed; antenna inserted
77.Cycloterini near base of rostrum, with scape long, projected
78.Erodiscini some distance beyond the hind margin of the
eye and not fitting into antennal scrobe (Fig. 5)
79.Hylobiini
(exceptions; Dryophthorus [Fig. 4], Orthognathus
80.Lepyrini [Fig. 7], Yuccaborus [Fig. 6] have a more distal
81.Lymantini insertion of the antennae, possess a scrobe and
726•Family131.Curculionidae
the scape does not pass, or only slightly passes, the apical face of the tibia; apical comb of setae
beyond hind margin of eye); antenna with club of presentorabsent,ifpresent,orientedeithertrans-
two basic parts, with basal glabrous and glossy versely, obliquely or subparallel to the length of
portion,andapicaluniformlypiloseportion(Figs. the tibia............................................................ 7
4-7); funicle with 4, 5 or 6 articles; body surface (cid:151) Legswithapexoffront,middleandhindtibiaewith
lacking broad flat scales; pygydium formed of tooth, if present, small to moderately large (usu-
tergite 7 in male........I. Dryophthorinae (p. 728) allylargeronfrontormiddletibiae),usuallysmaller
(cid:151) Tarsus with claws single, connate at base or sepa- than tarsal claw, arising from inner apical angle
rate,butwithdorsalandventralsurfacesatapex and with outer curved face distinctly separated
of article 5 not extended between bases of tarsal from,andnotcontinuouswith,outertibialmargin
claws; mouthparts with prementum visible, not or with carina traversing the apical face of the
withdrawn, palpi mostly visible; antenna inserted tibia; apical comb of setae oriented transversely
variously along length of rostrum, usually some to length of tibia............................................. 18
distancefrombase,withscapeshortorlong,and
fitting into antennal scrobe, but at most only 7(6). Mesepimeron strongly ascended, truncated by
slightly projected beyond the hind margin of the elytral humeri and visible (or nearly so) in dorsal
eye (Figs. 8, 13, 27, 70); antenna with club vari- view between pronotum and elytra (Figs. 23-26);
ous, but mostly with three articles, each pilose tarsus with 1 (rarely) or 2 claws.........................
to some extent, basal article not or rarely glossy, ................................VI.Baridinae(most)(p.740)
subequalinlengthtootherarticlesorrarelyvari- (cid:151) Mesepimeron not ascended, not visible in dorsal
ously longer than other 2 articles combined, su- view between pronotum and elytra (exception;
tures evident between all articles; funicle with 5, Laemosaccus [Fig. 92] recognized by short,
6 or 7 articles; body surface mostly with some straightrostrum,basalmarginofelytraextended
broadflatscalesorfinehair-likescales;pygydium over base of pronotum, exposed pygydium, and
formedoftergite8inmale............................... 5 small,acutetoothontheinnermarginofthefront
femur); tarsus with 2 claws............................... 8
5(4). Male with aedeagus with tectum and pedon sepa-
rate (dissection necessary), tegmen as long as or 8(7). Rostrum in repose received into ventral channel
longer than aedeagus (including the apodemes); which may be limited to prosternum or extended
species associated with freshwater aquatic habi- beyond into meso- or metasternum (Figs. 21, 59)
tats, many with dense varnish-like coating over ......................................................................... 9
scales or with dense hydrofuge scales............. (cid:151) Rostrum in repose not received into ventral chan-
..........................................II.Erirhininae(p.730) nel, but may rest between front, middle and/or
(cid:151) Male with aedeagus with tectum and pedon fused hind coxae..................................................... 14
(dissection necessary), tegmen shorter than
aedeagus (including the apodemes); species as- 9(8). Eyes large, elongate-oval, subcontiguous (or nearly
sociated with various habitats, most with scales so)dorsally,fronsverynarrow(Fig.45);eyessitu-
present, various in density, but lacking varnish- ated towards top front of head, in lateral view
like coating (exception; Bagous recognized by with lower margin of eye clearly situated above
presence of prosternal channel) or with scales level of dorsum of base of rostrum (Fig. 46) ......
lacking entirely................................................ 6 ...................................VIII. Conoderinae (p. 754)
(cid:151) Eyessmalltomoderateinsize,moreorlessrounded,
6(5).2 Legs with well-developed, usually large hook-like morewidelyseparateddorsally,fronsbroad;eyes
tooth at apex of front, middle and hind tibiae: situated towards sides of head, in lateral view
tooth arising from one of, a) outer apical angle with lower margin of eye situated near or below
(Fig.57),b)frommiddleofapicalmargin(Fig.93), level of dorsum of base of rostrum................10
or c) at inner apical angle, but if at inner apical
angle, tooth on hind tibia is more or less as long 10(9). Rostrum very short, not much longer than wide,
as or longer than tarsal claw (Fig. 89) and outer broadandflatdorsally,subquadrateinform(Fig.
curved face of tooth is continuous with apex of 82); dorsal vestiture of pronotum and elytra in
outer tibial margin or is connected to it by a dis- part bifid (Bangasternus)....................................
tinct, continuous sharp carina which traverses ...................................XIV.Lixinae(part)(p.783)
(cid:151) Rostrum moderately long, many times longer than
1Insmallspecimensitmaybedifficulttoseethestatesofthetarsal
wide, elongate and narrow; dorsal vestiture, if
clawsandthemouthparts.Thereareonlytwogeneraofsmall-sized
present, simple .............................................. 11
Dryophthorinaeincludedhere.Dryophthorus(Fig.4)canberecognized
byanantennalfunicleof4articlesincombinationwiththeantennal 11(10). Ventral channel extended beyond prosternum into
clubcharacter,whereasSitophilusmayberecognizedbytheformof meso-ormetasternum(Fig.59) ..........................
the apex of the hind tibia which has a small preapical tooth on the .............................X. Cryptorhynchinae (p. 761)
inner margin in addition to the larger hook-like tooth at the inner (cid:151) Ventralchannellimitedtoprosternum(Fig.21);even
though rostrum in repose may overlie meso-,
apicalangle(thetibiaeappearing(cid:147)pincer-like(cid:148)),incombinationwith
metasternum and some abdominal ventrites) ....
the antennal club.
.......................................................................12
2Thisisoftenadifficultcharactertoseeclearlyandtoassess.Some
groups(e.g.,many Baridinae and some Curculioninae) are equivocal 12(11). Hind tibia with outer face at apex lacking apical
and are thus considered in both halves of this couplet. In general, combofsetaelateraltobaseofapicaltooth(asin
taxaassociatedwithwoodyplantstendtodevelopalargerandcurved Fig. 57); body with distinct and dense suberect
apicaltoothwhereasthoseassociatedwithherbaceousplantshavea or erect broad scales, body of some specimens
lessdevelopedtoothorapicalspine,ornoneatall.
Family131.Curculionidae•727
with crustose coating (Acamptini, Acamptus)... face with many fine scales and/or setae, man-
..............................IX.Cossoninae(part)(p.756) dibles generally robust and thick; rostrum short
(cid:151) Hind tibia with outer face at apex with apical comb and broad, usually quadrate or subquadrate in
of setae lateral to base of apical tooth (Fig. 99); form, often expanded laterally towards apex, not
body vestiture various but surface not with crus- different in males and females in length or form
tose coating...................................................13 (Figs.70-77)............XII.Entiminae(most)(p.766)
(cid:151) Mandiblelackingscarandthereforelackingdecidu-
13(12). Body lacking distinct vestiture, with smooth var- ous process, either glabrous or with a few small
nish-like coating over scales; elytra tuberculate setae on outer apical face, mandibles generally
or not; legs elongate, slender; commonly associ- lessrobust,smallerandthinner;rostrummoreelon-
ated with aquatic habitats...V. Bagoinae (p. 740) gate and cylindrical, usually as long as or longer
(cid:151) Body with vestiture of appressed scales or suberect thanpronotum,or(rarely)shorterthanpronotum,
or erect hair-like scales, lacking smooth varnish- different in males and females in length and/or
likecoatingoverscales,orobviousvestiturelack- formornot(Figs.13,17,19) ..........................19
ing; elytra tuberculate or not; legs more robust;
rarely associated with aquatic habitats............. 19(18). Rostrum in repose received into distinct ventral
........................................XVI. Molytinae (p. 786) channel in prosternum (rarely into mesosternum)
.......................................................................20
14(8). Mouthparts with labial palpi of 3 articles but short, (cid:151) Rostrum in repose not received into ventral chan-
globular, telescoping and appearing composed nel, but may rest between front, middle and/or
of 1 article, ventrally situated at apex of large hind coxae.....................................................23
prementum(Fig.90);femalewithlargepairedsym-
biont sacs attached to vagina near base of 20(19). Rostrum very broad, more or less triangular in dor-
gonocoxites; body size mostly medium to large sal view, fitting into large, deep emargination in
(>5 mm) (exception; Microlarinus)...................... front of front coxae; emargination limited poste-
............................................XIV.Lixinae(p.783) riorly by small, triangular prosternum (Fig. 69)
(cid:151) Mouthparts with labial palpi of 3 distinct articles (Thecesternini, Thecesternus)............................
but elongate, not telescoping, dorsally situated ................................XII.Entiminae(part)(p.766)
atapexofvariouslysizedprementum;femalelack- (cid:151) Rostrum more elongate and cylindrical in form, the
ing large paired symbiont sacs attached to va- prosternal channel extended behind the front
gina near base of gonocoxites (dissection nec- coxae(rarelyontomesosternum)andtherostrum
essary); body size mostly small to medium (<10 (when in repose) extended between and/or be-
mm).................................................................15 yond front coxae...........................................21
15(14). One or more of mesepisternum, mesepimeron, 21(20). Antennawithfuniclewith5articles;prothoraxlack-
metepisternum and metepimeron with vestiture in ing postocular lobes; claws free, simple; dorsum
form of dense plumose (pectinate) hairs (Fig. 15), covered with fine, erect hair-like vestiture
rarely hairs may be sparse, fine and at most bifid (Mecinini, Cleopomiarus) ....................................
only in anterior portion of metepisternum .......16 ..........................IV. Curculioninae (part) (p. 732)
(cid:151) Mesepisternum, mesepimeron, metepisternum and (cid:151) Antennawithfuniclewith6or7articles;otherchar-
metepimeronwithvestiture,ifpresent,simplenot acters various.................................................22
plumose or bifid.............................................17
22(21). Pygydium covered by elytra; rostrum longer than
16(15). Tooth at apex of tibia, large and hook-like, larger pronotum, straight and slender, abruptly attenu-
than tarsal claw (Fig. 93); pronotum only slightly ate immediately beyond antennal insertion (Fig.
narrower than base of elytra in dorsal view (Fig. 28); antenna with article 2 of funicle long, more
91); elytra with basal margin at intervals 2-4 ex- or less one-half length of scape (Madarini,
tended anteriorly overlapping base of pronotum Zygobaridina, Amercedes) .................................
(Fig.91)........................XV. Mesoptilinae (p. 786) ..................................VI.Baridinae(part)(p.740)
(cid:151) Tooth at apex of tibia, small, at most subequal in (cid:151) Pygydium not covered by elytra; rostrum various in
length to tarsal claw; pronotum distinctly nar- length, straight or slightly curved, more or less
rower than base of elytra in dorsal view (Fig. 14); of uniform width throughout length, not abruptly
elytra with basal margin at intervals 2-4 straight, attenuate (Fig. 34); antenna with article 2 of fu-
not overlapping base of pronotum (Fig. 14) nicle short, much less than one-half length of
(Otidocephalini).................................................. scape..........VII. Ceutorhynchinae (part) (p. 747)
..........................IV. Curculioninae (part) (p. 732)
23(19). Mesepimeron strongly ascended, truncated by
17(15). Hind tibia with outer face at apex with apical comb elytral humeri and visible in dorsal view between
of setae lateral to base of apical tooth, oriented pronotum and elytra (Figs. 31-33); pygydium not
either transversely, obliquely or subparallel to covered by elytra (Figs. 31-33)..........................
the length of the tibia (Figs. 99-101).................. ...................VII. Ceutorhynchinae (part) (p. 747)
.............................XVI.Molytinae(most)(p.786) (cid:151) Mesepimeron not ascended, not visible in dorsal
(cid:151) Hind tibia with outer face at apex lacking apical view between pronotum and elytra; pygydium
combofsetaelateraltobaseofapicaltooth(Fig. mostly covered by elytra...............................24
57) .......................IX.Cossoninae(most)(p.756)
24(23). Tarsus with claws separate, each with basal pro-
18(6). Mandible with prominent scar on outer apical face cess...................IV. Curculioninae (part) (p. 732)
indicating point of attachment of deciduous pro- (cid:151) Tarsus with claws separate, simple...................25
cess (Fig. 68), or else clothed on outer apical
728•Family131.Curculionidae
25(24). Eyes rounded, rostrum mostly very elongate, slen- KEYTOTHENEARCTICGENERAOFDRYOPHTHORINAE
der and cylindrical in cross section (Figs. 13, 15-
19); antenna with scape not or just reaching an-
1. Antenna with funicle of 4 articles (Fig. 4); tarsus
teriormarginofeye (Figs. 13) ............................
with5distinctarticles;bodyusuallycoveredwith
..........................IV. Curculioninae (part) (p. 732)
a crusty deposit; size small, less than 4.0 mm in
(cid:151) Eyes more or less elongate-oval, rostrum shorter,
body length .................................Dryophthorus
more robust and subquadrate in cross section
(cid:151) Antenna with funicle of 6 articles (Figs. 5-7); tarsus
(Figs. 64, 81); antenna with scape just reaching
with 5 articles but with article 4 small and diffi-
or passing anterior margin of eye (Fig. 64) ....26
cult to see at base of article 5; body lacking sur-
face deposit; size various ............................... 2
26(25). Pronotumwithanterolateralmarginwithdistinctpos-
tocular lobe present (Fig. 64).............................
2(1). Pygydium covered by apex of elytra; antenna with
...................................... XI. Cyclominae (p. 765)
scape not reaching anterior margin of eye (Figs.
(cid:151) Pronotumwithanterolateralmarginstraight,simple
6-7); metepimeron not visible .......................... 3
or postocular lobe at most very slightly devel-
(cid:151) Pygydium exposed at apex of elytra; antenna with
oped(Fig.81).................................................. 27
scape projected at least past anterior margin of
eye (Fig. 5); metepimeron visible (obscure in
27(26). Vestiture with at least some bifid scales (limited on
Sitophilus)......................................................... 4
somespecimenstothoracicsterna),ifbifidscales
appear absent, humeri obviously quadrate; hu-
3(2). Front coxae contiguous; hind tibia expanded
meri quadrate to subquadrate, rarely rounded, if
apically and with broad wide apical bevel;
humeri rounded, bifid scales are distinct on dor-
pronotum with postocular lobes; mandible large,
sum.................................XIII. Hyperinae (p. 782)
lacking teeth on exterior face.... Orthognathus
(cid:151) Vestiture simple, lacking bifid scales; humeri
(cid:151) Front coxae separated by prosternum; hind tibia
rounded...................XII.Entiminae(part)(p.766)
linear,notexpandedapicallyandwithnarrowapi-
cal bevel; pronotum lacking postocular lobes;
mandible small, with 3 teeth on exterior face ...
CLASSIFICATIONOFTHENEARCTICCURCULIONIDAE ......................................................... Yuccaborus
4(2). Size small, total body length less than 5 mm; tibiae
I.DryophthorinaeSchoenherr1825
(especially front) with distinct subapical tooth on
inner margin in addition to larger apical tooth...
byRobertS.Anderson ............................................................Sitophilus
(cid:151) Size moderate to large, total body length greater
than5mm;tibiawithatmostaroundedsubapical
Thisgroupofweevilsischaracterizedbytheformoftheanten-
swellingoninnermargininadditiontolargerapi-
nalclubwiththebasalarticleglabrousandglossy,thepresenceof cal tooth........................................................... 5
whatZimmerman(1993)called(cid:145)dermallobes(cid:146)extendedbetween
thetarsalclawsfrombothdorsalandventralsurfacesoftheapex
oftarsalarticle5,theantenna(usually)withthescapelongand
extendedfarbeyondtheposteriormarginoftheeye,andmale 4 5
genitalia with a distinct lateral line dividing the aedeagus into
upper(tectum)andlower(pedon)parts.Thisprimitiveformof
genitaliaissharedwithRaymondionyminaeandErirhininaeand
isthebasisforsomeauthorsremovingthesethreesubfamilies
fromCurculionidaeandgivingthemeachseparatefamilystatus.
Byremovingthesethreegroups,thehypothesisofmonophyly
ofCurculionidaeisstrengthenedbasedontheiruniquederived
formofgenitalianotsharedwithotherCurculionoidea.
Dryophthorinaeareatropicalgroup,andfewspeciesoccurin
NorthAmerica.ExceptforthediversegenusSphenophorus,ofthe
NorthAmericangeneraeachisrepresentedbybutoneorafew 6 7
species.Mostdryophthorinesareassociatedwithmonocots,in-
cludingPoaceae,Cyperaceae,LiliaceaeandArecaceae.Somespecies
are serious pests of bananas, bromeliads, corn, turfgrass and
storedproducts.Larvaegenerallyminestemsorroots,somein
semiaquatichabitats.TheoddgenusDryophthorusisassociated
withmoistdeadwood.
FIGURES 4.131-7.131. Dryophthorinae, lateral view of head. 4.
DryophthorusamericanusBedel;5.SphenophoruszeaeWalsh;6.Yuccaborus
frontalis (LeConte); 7. Orthognathus subparallelus (Chevrolat).
Family131.Curculionidae•729
5(4). Metepisternum very broad, length more or less 2 CLASSIFICATIONOFTHENEARCTICDRYOPHTHORINAE
times width; antenna with club transverse, wider
than long, lateral margins at base widely diver-
1.DryophthoriniSchoenherr1825
gent, shape sub-triangular; body size very large,
total body length greater than 25 mm ...............
.................................................. Rhynchophorus DryophthorusGermar1824,1sp.,D.americanusBedel1885,gener-
(cid:151) Metepisternumnarrow,length3ormoretimeswidth; allydistributedineasternNorthAmerica.Adultsarefoundun-
antenna with club elongate, longer than wide,
derbark,inassociationwitholdrottenlogsorinforestlitter.
lateral margins at base sub-parallel to slightly di-
vergent, shape sub-quadrate or sub-oval; body BulbiferDejean1821
size moderate to large, total body length greater DryophoraBerthold1827
than5mmbutlessthan25mm........................ 6 Tetratemnus Wollaston 1873
TetraspartusPascoe1885
6(5). Scutellum (exposed portion) widest at or near
middle, shape rhomboidal or sub-circular; more
or less as long as wide..................Cosmopolites 2.OrthognathiniLacordaire1866
(cid:151) Scutellum(exposedportion)widestatornearbase,
shape triangular or sub-triangular; generally
OrthognathinaLacordaire1866
longer than wide.............................................. 7
7(6). Tarsus with article 3 with ventral pilosity long, con- OrthognathusSchoenherr1838,1sp.,O.subparallelus(Chevrolat
fined to apical margin as a continuous fringe, 1880),Arizona.Adultshavebeencollectedatlights.
ventral surface otherwise glabrous; antenna with
SphenognathusSchoenherr1840
club obliquely truncate at apex with apical pi-
lose part very short, appearing recessed within
glabrous part, visible only as a narrow line in lat- RhinostominaKuschel1995
eral view.......................................Scyphophorus
(cid:151) Tarsus with article 3 with ventral pilosity long or
YuccaborusLeConte1876,1sp.,Y.frontalis(LeConte1876),gener-
short, uniformly covering 1/3 or more of ventral
surface, or with pilosity sparse and confined to allydistributedinsouthwesternUnitedStates.Twosubspecies
anterolateralangleorlateralmargins,ventralsur- are recognized. Adults and larvae are associated with Yucca
face otherwise glabrous; antenna with apex (Liliaceae);adultscometolights.
evenly rounded or truncate, with apical pilose
partlong,distinctlyvisibleasmorethananarrow
line in lateral view............................................ 8 3.RhynchophoriniSchoenherr1833
8(7). Tarsus with article 5 ventrally excavated and RhynchophorinaSchoenherr1833
bilamellate at middle of apex; rostrum hump-like
at base, directed posteroventrally; associated
with Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae...................... RhynchophorusHerbst1795,2spp.,R.palmarum(Linnaeus1758)
......................................................Rhodobaenus andR.cruentatus(Fabricius1775).ExtremesoutheasternUnited
(cid:151) Tarsus with article 5 ventrally evenly rounded at States,TexasandCalifornia.Adultsandlarvaeareassociatedwith
middle of apex; rostrum straight (few) or evenly
variousspeciesofpalms(Arecaceae).SeeWattanapongsiri(1966)
rounded at base (many), directed anteroventrally;
associated with monocotyledons.................... 9 toseparatethespecies.(Volume1,ColorFig.14)
CordyleThunberg1797
9(8). Tarsus with article 3 with ventral pilosity restricted
to anterolateral areas, median area largely gla-
LitosominaLacordaire1866
brous, article 3 narrow, subequal in width to ar-
ticle 2 (many) or broad, wider than article 2 (few)
.....................................................Sphenophorus SitophilusSchoenherr1838,5spp.,generallydistributed;adven-
(cid:151) Tarsus with article 3 with ventral pilosity extensive tive. Three species, S. granarius (Linnaeus 1758), S. zeamais
covering nearly all of ventral surface except near
Motschulsky1855,andS.oryzae(Linnaeus1763)areseriouspests
baseatmiddle,article3broad,widerthanarticle
2 .....................................................................10 ofstoredgrainproducts.SeeKuschel(1961)forapartialkeyto
species.
10(9). Front coxae widely separated by width of antennal
club; middle coxae widely separated by width of
SphenophorinaLacordaire1866
a coxa; prementum toothed ventrally or slightly
emarginate at apex; Florida; on Arececeae,
Bromeliaceae...................................Metamasius CactophagusLeConte1876,1sp.,C.spinolae(Gyllenhal1838),Ari-
(cid:151) Front coxae narrowly separated by one-half width zonaandCalifornia,adultsandlarvaeareassociatedwithCarnegiea
of antennal club; middle coxae narrowly sepa-
gigantea(Engelm.)andothercacti(Cactaceae)(Anderson1948).
rated by one-half width of a coxa; prementum
broadly sulcate throughout length; Arizona, Cali- Cactophagusgraphipterus(Champion1910)hasbeenfoundinor-
fornia; on Cactaceae .................... Cactophagus chid houses in Connecticut,Washington DC, and New Jersey
(Barber1917).Itisnotknownifthisspeciesisestablishedthere.
SeeVaurie(1967)toseparatethespecies.
730•Family131.Curculionidae
Eucactophagus Champion 1910 Raymondionyminae,theypossessmalegenitaliathatareprimi-
PhyllerythrurusChevrolat1885 tiveinstructurewiththeaedeaguswithseparatetectumandpedon,
and the tegmen as long as or longer than the aedeagus. Most
Cosmopolites Chevrolat 1885, 1 sp., C. sordidus (Germar 1824), speciesareassociatedwithaquaticorsemi-aquatichabitatsand
Florida,adventive.Thisspeciesisassociatedwithbananatrees the members of the subtribe Stenopelmina possess a dense,
(MusasapientumL.);larvaeminestemandcorm(Woodruff 1969). varnish-likecoatingoverthescalesorhavedensehydrofugescales.
Manyspeciesareactiveswimmers.
MetamasiusHorn1873,3spp.,M.hemipterus(Linnaeus1758)and Mostspeciesminethestemsorotherpartsofaquaticmac-
M.callizona(Chevrolat1883),adventive;M.mosieriBarber1920, rophytes. Species in the genera Cyrtobagous, Neochetina and
native;Florida. Metamasiushemipterus isassociatedwithpalms, Neohydronomus have been introduced for biological control of
sugar cane, and bananas (Woodruff and Baranowski 1985), aquaticweeds,mainlyinFlorida.Grypusequiseti(Fabricius1775)
whereas,M.callizonaisaseriouspestinTillandsia(O’Brienand isassociatedwithprimitivehorsetailsofthegenusEquisetum.
Thomas1990,FrankandThomas2000,LarsonandFrank2000);
M.mosieriisalsoassociatedwithbromeliads(Larsonetal.2001). KEYTOTHENEARCTICGENERAOFERIRHININAE
SeeVaurie(1966)toseparatethespecies.
OdontorhynchusChevrolat1880 1. Antenna with funicle of 6 articles....................... 2
Odontorrhynchus Kirby 1881 (cid:151) Antenna with funicle of 7 articles..................... 11
MetmasiopsisChampion1910
2(1). Tarsus with single claw ...................Brachybamus
Subphyllerythrurus Voss 1954 (cid:151) Tarsus with two claws ......................................... 3
RhodobaenusLeConte1876,2spp.,R.tredecimpunctatus(Illiger1794) 3(2). Antenna with club with basal article glabrous and
glossyandalmostaslongasrestofclub(Fig.8);
andR.quinquepunctatus(Say1824),generallydistributedinUnited
tarsus with article 3 not emarginate, usually not
StatesandsoutheasternCanada.Speciesareassociatedwithvari- wider than article 2 .......................................... 4
ousAsteraceaeandAsclepiadaceae;larvaeareinstems(Vaurie (cid:151) Antennawithclubuniformlypubescent(Fig.9);tar-
1981).SeeVaurie(1981)toseparatethespecies. sus with article 3 various................................. 6
HomalostylusChevrolat1885
4(3). Pronotum with anterolateral margin straight,
postocularlobeabsent;tarsuswitharticle5longer
Scyphophorus Schoenherr 1838,2spp., S.acupunctatus Gyllenhal thanfourotherarticlescombined;dorsalvestiture
1838andS.yuccaeHorn1873,generallydistributedinextreme of only isolated appressed, rounded scales, no
obvious varnish-like coating overlying scales..
southern United States. Species are associated withAgave and
.......................................................Cyrtobagous
Yucca (Liliaceae); larvae mine the roots and stems. See Vaurie (cid:151) Pronotum with anterolateral margin with well-devel-
(1971)toseparatethespecies. opedpostocularlobe;tarsuswitharticle5shorter
thanfourotherarticlescombined;dorsalvestiture
ofdenseappressedscales,withvarnish-likecoat-
SphenophorusSchoenherr1838,65spp.,generallydistributed.Spe-
ing overlying scales......................................... 5
cies are associated with various monocots including grasses
(Poaceae)andsedges(Cyperaceae)(Vaurie1951).Somespeciesare 5(4). Rostrumshort,stout,nearlystraight(Fig.8);middle
pestsof turfgrassorcorn.SeeVaurie(1951)toseparatethespe- tibia flattened, with outer margin evenly curved,
and with both inner and outer margins with nu-
cies.(Volume2,ColorFig.30)
merous long, dense, fine hairs..... Lissorhoptrus
SitonobiaGistel1856 (cid:151) Rostrum slender, elongate, evenly curved; middle
MerothricusChevrolat1885 tibianotflattened,withoutermarginmoreorless
TrichischiusLeConte1876
Nesorthognathus Voss 1943
DiocalandrinaZimmerman1993
[DiocalandraFaust1894,3spp.,interceptedinquarantine;British
Columbia,Washington,CaliforniaandArizona.Notestablished
inNorthAmerica.]
II.ErirhininaeSchoenherr1825
8 9 10
byRobertS.Anderson
Thisgroupofweevilsisunfortunatelyverydifficulttocharacter- FIGURES 8.131-10.131. Erirhininae. 8-9. Lateral view of head. 8.
Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel; 9. Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal;
izebasedsolelyonexternalcharacters.LikeDryophthorinaeand
10. Notiodes setosus (LeConte), tarsus, dorsal view.
Family131.Curculionidae• 731
straight, and with both inner and outer margins species,G.equiseti(Fabricius1775),isassociatedwithEquisetum
with short, stout scales and at most a few scat- (Equisetaceae)inwetlands.SeeCawthra(1957)toseparatethe
tered, fine longer hairs ..................Neobagoidus
species.
6(3). Tarsus with article 3 very broad, apex of article 5 AplopusDejean1821
not or very slightly projected beyond lobes of GrypidiusSchoenherr1826
article3(Fig.10)............................................... 7
(cid:151) Tarsuswitharticle3emarginateorbilobed,apexof
NotarisGermar1817,2spp.,N.puncticollis(LeConte1876)andN.
article 5 distinctly projected beyond lobes of ar-
ticle 3 by at least one-half length article 5...... 9 aethiops (Fabricius 1792), generally distributed in Canada and
northern United States. Notaris aethiops is associated with
7(6). Body size less than 1.5 mm; frons about half as SparganiumramosumCurt.(Sparganiaceae)inEuropeandTypha
wide as rostrum in dorsal view at point of anten-
(Typhaceae)inwetlandsinNorthAmerica(Anderson1997).See
nal insertion; pronotum lacking postocular lobes
...................................................... Tanysphyrus Buchanan(1927)toseparatethespecies.
(cid:151) Bodysizedistinctlygreaterthan1.5mm;fronswider PilumnusDejean1821
than rostrum in dorsal view at point of antennal ErirhinusSchoenherr1825
insertion;pronotumwithpostocularlobespresent,
ErycusTournier1874
slightly to well developed............................... 8
8(7). Tarsus with article 5 very slightly projected beyond Procas Stephens 1831, 1 sp., P. lecontei Bedel 1879, Michigan,
apices of lobes of article 3..............Neochetina Ontario,QuebecandYukonTerritory.
(cid:151) Tarsus with article 5 not projected beyond apices
ApachiscelusDesbrochers1875
of lobes of article 3..............................Notiodes
NotodermusDesbrochers1875
9(6). Rostrum very short, subequal in length to scape PseudyperaVoss1936
(Fig. 9); pronotum with anterolateral margin
straight, postocular lobe absent (Fig. 9).............
TournotarisAlonso-ZarazagaandLyal1999,2spp.,generallydis-
.......................................................Stenopelmus
(cid:151) Rostrummoreelongate,from1.5to2.0timeslength tributed in Canada, Alaska, and northern United States south
ofscape;pronotumwithanterolateralmarginwith intoNevadaandCalifornia.Atleastonespecies, T. bimaculata
postocular lobe present, slightly to well devel- (Fabricius1787),isassociatedwithTypha(Typhaceae)inwetlands
oped...............................................................10
(Anderson1997).SeeBuchanan(1927)toseparatesomeofthe
10(9). Rostrumstraight,robust;eyeslarge,narrowlysepa- species.
rated ventrally by less than the width of rostrum;
pronotumwithanterolateralmarginwithpostocu- StenopelminaLeConte1876
lar lobe slightly developed......Neohydronomus
(cid:151) Rostrum evenly curved, slender; eyes moderate,
separated ventrally by about the width of ros- BrachybamusGermar1835,1sp.,B.electusGermar1835,generally
trum;pronotumwithanterolateralmarginwithpos- distributedineasternNorthAmerica.Adultshavebeenassoci-
tocular lobe well developed..............Onychylis atedwithEleocharis(Cyperaceae)inwetlands.
11(1). Each tibiae with small spur(s) in addition to small
tooth at inner apical angle.............................12 CyrtobagousHustache1929, 1sp.,C.salviniaeCalderandSands
(cid:151) Tibiae all lacking spurs......................................13 1985,Florida.Thisspecieshasbeenintroducedforbiological
controlofSalviniamolestaMitchell(Salviniaceae)(O(cid:146)Brien1995).
12(11). Each tibia with 2 spurs ................................Procas
(cid:151) Front tibia with 1 spur, middle and hind tibiae each
with 2 spurs............................................Notaris LissorhoptrusLeConte1876,6spp.,generallydistributed.Species
areassociatedwithwetlands;L.oryzophilusKuschel1952isapest
13(11). Antenna with funicle with fine pubescence; elytra ofcultivatedrice;larvaefeedexternallyonroots(Anderson1993a).
withstria10notmarginedalonglastinterval;body
SeeKuschel(1952)toseparatethespecies.
densely covered with broad scales.......Grypus
(cid:151) Antenna with funicle with distinct setae; elytra with LissocordylusKuschel1952
stria 10 finely margined along last interval; body
with fine setae or elongate-linear scales........... NeobagoidusO(cid:146)Brien1990,1sp.,N.carlsoniO(cid:146)Brien1990,Florida.
.........................................................Tournotaris
ThisspeciesisassociatedwithLachnanthescaroliniana(Lamarck)
Dandy(Haemodoraceae)inwetlands(O(cid:146)Brien1990).
CLASSIFICATIONOFTHENEARCTICERIRHININAE
NeochetinaHustache1926,2spp.,N.bruchiHustache1926andN.
4.ErirhininiSchoenherr1825
eichhorniaeWarner1970,Florida,LouisianaandTexas.Thesespe-
cieshavebeenintroducedforcontrolofEichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)
ErirhininaSchoenherr1825
Solms. (water hyacinth; Pontederiaceae) (O(cid:146)Brien 1995). See
O(cid:146)Brien(1976)orDeLoach(1975)toseparatethespecies.
GrypusGermar1917,3spp.,generallydistributedinCanadaand
northernUnitedStates,southinWesttoColorado.Atleastone