Table Of ContentANDEAN HYDROLOGY
ANDEAN HYDROLOGY
Editors
Diego A. Rivera
Laboratory of Comparative Policy
in Water Resources Management
Departamento de Recursos Hídricos
Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola
Universidad de Concepción
Vicente Méndez, Chillán
Chile
Alex Godoy-Faundez
Centro de Investigación en Sustentabilidad
y Gestión Estratégica de Recursos
Facultad de Ingeniería
Universidad del Desarrollo
Santiago, Chile
Mario Lillo-Saavedra
Departamento de Recursos Hídricos
Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola
Universidad de Concepción
Vicente Méndez, Chillán
Chile
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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Preface
No other mountain range offers such a diversity of landscapes as the
Andes. Stretching for over 4,300 miles, the Andes dissect the South
American continent, resulting in a wide variety of climates and ecosystems.
However, the Andes are not only important because of the diverse habitats
that coexist from north to south at different altitude levels, microclimates
and ecological conditions, but also as home to millions of people who
share water resources that are crucial to sustainable development.
Water availability in the Andes is mainly driven by spatiotemporal
patterns in precipitation. Over the past twenty years, droughts have
dramatically increased in number and intensity in many regions, leading
to water scarcity situations. Furthermore, floods have also been more
severe due to prolonged or intense precipitation. In fact, intense rainfall
events—those where a near-record amount of rain falls in just a few hours
or days—have become more frequent. As climate continues to change, there
is a serious concern for the impact that this will certainly have on the water
resources in the Andes, and the implications of this for people, ecosystems
and economic activities.
Climate change also affects the hydrological behavior of the river
basins in the Andes. Water systems and water resources use generally
involve distribution mechanisms that can be based on the open market,
direct allocation, prioritization, or other methods. Due to their diverse
ecosystems, climates and geomorphological characteristics, the Andean
hydrology is extremely complex. This results in difficulties in water
management, particularly due to certain socio-environmental issues, such
as water scarcity, water contamination and mismanagement of water basins.
Therefore, understanding the relationships within hydrological systems
and society is crucial to allow the development of adaptations strategies.
This book aims to deepen our understanding of the connections between
water resources in the Andes, and social, economic and environmental
issues. Based on scientific research and policy assessment, recommendations
for decision-making are provided. Challenges regarding a fast increase
of water demand are also discussed using a multidisciplinary approach,
focusing on the water cycle and water-energy-food nexus.
vi Andean Hydrology
Water is considered as a basic human right, but the rapid economic and
demographic growth rates in South America are putting strong pressure
on water demand in the Andes. In this regard, the way in which actors
compete for the access and use of water is still an object of study. Industrial
activities within a basin convert water resources into products and services
represented by GDP, effectively putting a price on water availability and
increasing competition.
The authors of the chapters of this book describe how researchers can
help local and regional stakeholders with data collection, processing, storage
and dissemination of water resources information; highlight the importance
of the collaboration between the scientific community and policy makers;
and suggest strategies and measures to make collaboration more effective
and sustainable.
Water demand can be understood as how water resources connect
society with the natural system. This is the so-called socio-environmental
link, in which socio-hydrology and water resources combine to act as sources
of extraction and receptors of pollution.
The relationship between the mining industry and local communities in
Chile, Peru and Colombia is also analyzed, including both legal and regulatory
framework. In terms of conflict resolutions between stakeholders, it is essential
to understand socio-demographic characteristics. In fact, there are several
indigenous peoples in the Andean Region whose traditions and belief systems
often mean that they regard ancestral lands and the natural resources they
contain with deep respect. However, as this view is not shared by many of the
others actors involved, solutions need to be developed in order to allow for
social development and economic growth in harmony with local hydrology.
Models such as soil, water and assessment tools (SWAT) have been
successfully used for the analysis of watersheds to develop payments for
ecosystem services, estimate economic values and generate simulation
scenarios for improved management. Nevertheless, unless research centers,
NGOs and local governments work together, water resource conflicts will
continue, affecting economic activities and communities.
Finally, approaches and methodologies used to generate data for
hydrological monitoring and analysis in the Andean regions are also
described.
We would like to thank authors for their contributions to better
understand how the Andes sustain our life. Also, we would like to thank the
Water Resources Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CONICYT/
FONDAP-15130015) and FONDECYT Regular 1160656 for their support. We
are also very grateful to Professor Roto Quezada for his continuous support.
September 2017 Diego A. Rivera
Alex Godoy-Faundez
Mario Lillo-Saavedra
Contents
Preface v
1. Competing Uses and Access to Hydrological Resources 1
in Upstream Peasant Communities of the Cañete River
Watershed, Perú
Maria Claudia Tristán Febres, Genowefa Blundo-Canto,
Gisella S. Cruz-Garcia, Marcela Quintero and Piedad Pareja Cabrejos
2. Socio-environmental Issues Related to Mineral Exploitation 21
in the Andes
Douglas Aitken, Alex Godoy-Faundez, Oscar Jaime Restrepo-Baena,
Diego Rivera and Neil McIntryre
3. Waters of Andean Indigenous Peoples: Ancestral Rights and 55
the Neutralization of their Claims
Amaya Álvez, Verónica Delgado, Fernando Ochoa and Carla Cid
4. Modeling for Management: A Case Study of the Cañete 84
Watershed, Peru
Wendy Francesconi, Natalia Uribe, Jefferson Valencia and
Marcela Quintero
5. Mass Balance and Meteorological Conditions at Universidad 102
Glacier, Central Chile
Christophe Kinnard, Shelley MacDonell, Michal Petlicki, Carlos
Mendoza Martinez, Jakob Abermann and Roberto Urrutia
6. Participatory Monitoring of the Impact of Watershed 127
Interventions in the Tropical Andes
Boris F. Ochoa-Tocachi, Wouter Buytaert and Bert De Bièvre
7. A Framework for Agricultural Water Management Support 165
Following the 2010 Maule Earthquake
Rodriguez, Jenna, S.L. Ustin, Sam Sandoval Solis,
Diego Rivera Salazar and Toby O’Geen
viii Andean Hydrology
8. Hydrochemical and Tracer Monitoring to Assess Runoff 181
Generation from Semi-arid Andean Headwater Catchments
Nauditt, A., Rusman, A., Schüth, C., Ribbe, L. and Álvarez, P.
9. Isotopic Characterization of Waters Across Chile 205
R. Sánchez-Murillo, E. Aguirre-Dueñas, M. Gallardo-Amestica,
P. Moya-Vega, C. Birkel, G. Esquivel-Hernández and J. Boll
10. Hydrological Modeling to Assess Runoff in a 231
Semi-arid Andean Headwater Catchment for
Water Management in Central Chile
Penedo-Julien, S., Nauditt, A., Künne, A., Souvignet, M.
and Krause, P.
Index 255
1
CHAPTER
Competing Uses and Access to
Hydrological Resources in Upstream
Peasant Communities of the Cañete
River Watershed, Perú
Maria Claudia Tristán Febres Genowefa Blundo-Canto
Gisella S. Cruz-Gar1c,ia Marcela Quintero 1
, * 2Piedad Pareja Cabr2ejos,
, and3
“Water is simultaneously a source of conflict and collaboration, of oppression
and productive potential.”
(Boelens, 2008b)
Introduction
Globally, the pressure on natural resources is increasing, particularly on
water. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 6 focuses on
ensuring access to water and sanitation for all. Although water is vital for the
survival of all living beings, the control and management of water resources
entails power relations, conflicts and negotiations between stakeholders
1 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Apartado
1558, Lima 12, Perú.
Email: [email protected]
2 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Valle del
Cauca, Colombia.
Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]
3 University of Hohenheim/International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT),
Schwerzstrasse 1A, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
Email: [email protected]
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
