Table Of Content

Ancient Greece MAGILL’S C H O I C E Ancient Greece Volume 1 Achaean League — Dorian Invasion of Greece 1-338 Appendixes Indexes Edited by Thomas J. Sienkewicz Monmouth College, Illinois Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Cover image:Michael Palis/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2007, by Salem Press, Inc. Allrightsinthisbookarereserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybeusedorreproducedinany mannerwhatsoeverortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without writtenpermissionfromthecopyrightownerexceptinthecaseofbriefquotationsembod- iedincriticalarticlesandreviews.Forinformationaddressthepublisher,SalemPress,Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. (cid:1) ThepaperusedinthesevolumesconformstotheAmericanNationalStandardforPer- manence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). SomeessaysoriginallyappearedinGreatEventsfromHistory:TheAncientWorld,Prehis- tory-476C.E.(2004),GreatLivesfromHistory:TheAncientWorld,Prehistory-476C.E. (2004),CyclopediaofWorldAuthors,FourthRevisedEdition(2004),Encyclopediaofthe AncientWorld(2002),WeaponsandWarfare(2002),andMagill’sGuidetoMilitaryHis- tory(2001). New essays and other material have been added. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Greece / edited by Thomas J. Sienkewicz. p. cm. — (Magill’s choice) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-58765-281-3 (set : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-58765-282-0 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-58765-281-1 (set : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-58765-282-X (vol. 1 : alk. paper) [etc.] 1. Greece—History—To 146 B.C. 2. Greece—History—146 B.C.-323 A.D. I. Sienkewicz, Thomas J. II. Series. DF214.A49 2007 938.003—dc22 2006016525 printed in canada Contents Publisher’s Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Complete List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Key to Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Achaean League . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Achaean War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Achilles Painter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Battle of Actium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Battle of Aegospotami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Aeschines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Aeschylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Aesop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Aetolian League. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Agariste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Agathon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Agesilaus II of Sparta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Alcaeus of Lesbos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Alcibiades of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Alcmaeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Alcman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Alexander the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Alexander the Great’s Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Alexandrian Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Amasis Painter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Amazons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Anacreon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Anaxagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Anaximander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Anaximenes of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Andocides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Antigonid Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 v Ancient Greece Antiochus the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Antipater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Antiphon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Antisthenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Anyte of Tegea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Apollodorus of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Apollodorus of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Apollonius of Perga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Apollonius Rhodius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Aratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Archaic Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Archidamian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Archidamus II of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Archidamus III of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Archilochus of Paros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Archytas of Tarentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Argead Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Aristarchus of Samos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Aristarchus of Samothrace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Aristides of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Aristides of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Aristippus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Aristophanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Aristoxenus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Art and Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Artemisia I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Artemisia II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Aspasia of Miletus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Athenian Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Athenian Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Athenian Invasion of Sicily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Attalid Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Bacchylides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Bion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 vi Contents Brasidas of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Bucolic Poetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Calendars and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Callicrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Callimachus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Carthaginian-Syracusan War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Cassander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Battle of Chaeronea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Cimon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Classical Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Cleisthenes of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Cleisthenes of Sicyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Cleomenes I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Cleomenes II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Cleomenes III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Cleon of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Cleopatra VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Coins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Colossus of Rhodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Corinna of Tanagra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Sack of Corinth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Corinthian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Cosmology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Crates of Athens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Cratinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Crete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Critias of Athens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Croesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Battle of Cunaxa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Cyclades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Cynicism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Battle of Cynoscephalae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Cypselus of Corinth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Daily Life and Customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Death and Burial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 vii Ancient Greece Delphic Oracle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Demetrius Phalereus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Demetrius Poliorcetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Democritus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Demosthenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Wars of the Diadochi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Diocles of Carystus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Diodorus Siculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Diogenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Dionysius the Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Dionysius the Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Dorian Invasion of Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 viii Publisher’s Note Ancient Greek civilization—the heroic tales of Homer and the philo- sophical musings of Plato, the bloody Peloponnesian Wars between Ath- ensandSpartaandthevastempireofAlexandertheGreat—servedasthe touchstoneformuchofWesternhistorythatfollowed.AncientGreeceisa three-volume,A-ZsurveyofGreekhistoryandculturefromitsearliestar- chaeological remains until the Battle of Actium in 31 b.c.e., when Greek civilizationmergedwithRomantobecomeGreco-Romancivilization,that is sure to fascinate students and general readers of all ages. The315essaysinthisworkrangeinlengthfrom1to8pages.Theyin- cludegeneraloverviewsofsuchtopicsasartandarchitecture,dailylifeand customs, education and training, government and law, language and dia- lects,literature,medicineandhealth,mythology,theperformingarts,phi- losophy,religionandritual,science,sportsandentertainment,warfare,and women’s life. Biographical entries cover statesmen, military leaders, art- ists, writers, scientists, and philosophers. Descriptive entries examine types of literature, battles, and philosophical movements. By design, Magill’s Choice reference sets compile and update previ- ouslypublishedmaterialfromSalemPressinordertoproduceaffordable andusefulworks.AncientGreecebringstogetherrelevantessaysfromsix differentsets:GreatEventsfromHistory:TheAncientWorld,Prehistory- 476C.E.(2004),GreatLivesfromHistory:TheAncientWorld,Prehistory- 476 C.E. (2004), Cyclopedia of World Authors, Fourth Revised Edition (2004),EncyclopediaoftheAncientWorld(2002),WeaponsandWarfare (2002), and Magill’s Guide to Military History (2001). For each of these essays,thebibliographywasbroughtuptodatewiththelatestsources.In addition, 29 essays were newly commissioned specifically for Ancient Greece, making the work the only comprehensive source on this subject matter from Salem Press. Eachbiographicalessayinthesetidentifiesthefigure’sfieldofaccom- plishment,suchas“Playwright”or“Statesman.”Entriesonrulersalsopro- videlocationsanddateranges,suchas“KingofSeleucidDynasty(r.223- 187b.c.e.).”Thebestinformationaboutyearandplaceofbirthanddeathis provided;insomecases,onlythecenturyinwhenanindividualflourished isknown.Eachtopicalessaybeginswithabriefsummaryandprovidesin- ix

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Ancient Greek civilization — the heroic tales of Homer and the philosophical musings of Plato, the bloody Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta and the vast empire of Alexander the Great — served as the touchstone for much of Western history that followed. Ancient Greece is a three-volume
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Ancient Greek civilization — the heroic tales of Homer and the philosophical musings of Plato, the bloody Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta and the vast empire of Alexander the Great — served as the touchstone for much of Western history that followed. Ancient Greece is a three-volume

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