Table Of ContentAncient Gordion
Ancient Gordion has long been recognized as a key Iron Age site for
Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean. Archaeological research has
revealed much about its sequence of occupation. However, as yet no
study has explored the underlying drivers of political and economic
change at this site. This volume presents an overview of the political
and economic histories supporting emergent elites and how they con-
structedpoweratGordionduringtheIronAge(1200–300BCE).Based
on geochemical and typological analysis of nearly 2,000 Late Bronze
Age to Late Phrygian ceramic samples, the volume contextualizes this
primarydatasetthroughthelensofceramicproduction,consumption,
exchange and emulation. Synthesizing site datasets, the volume more
broadly contributes to our understanding of the pivotal role of groups
and their economic, social and ritual practices in the creation of
complexsocieties.
Lisa Kealhofer is a professor in the departments of Anthropology and
EnvironmentalStudiesandSciencesatSantaClaraUniversity.
PeterGraveisanassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofArchaeology
attheUniversityofNewEngland,Australia.
Mary Mathilda Voigt is the Chancellor Professor of Anthropology
emeritaattheCollegeofWilliam&Mary.
Case Studies in Early Societies
SeriesEditor
RitaP.Wright,NewYorkUniversity
Thisseriesaimstointroducestudentstoearlysocietiesthathavebeen
the subject of sustained archaeological research. Each study is also
designed to demonstrate a contemporary method of archaeological
analysis in action, and theauthors areall specialists currentlyengaged
infieldresearch.
Thebookshavebeenplannedtocovermanyofthesamefundamental
issues.Tracinglong-termdevelopments,anddescribingandanalyzinga
discretesegmentintheprehistoryorhistoryofaregion,theyrepresent
an invaluable tool for comparative analysis. Clear, well organized,
authoritative, and succinct, the case studies are an important resource
for students, and for scholars in related fields, such as anthropology,
ethnohistory,history,andpoliticalscience. Theyalsoofferthegeneral
readeraccessibleintroductionstoimportantarchaeologicalsites.
Othertitlesintheseriesinclude:
AncientMesopotamia
SusanPollock
AncientOaxaca
RichardE.Blanton,GaryM.Feinman,StephenA.Kowalewski,
LindaM.Nicholas
AncientMaya
ArthurDemarest
AncientJomonofJapan
JunkoHabu
AncientPuebloanSouthwest
JohnKantner
AncientCahokiaandtheMississippians
TimothyR.Pauketat
AncientMiddleNiger
RodMcIntosh
AncientEgyptianCivilization
RobertWenke
AncientTiwanaku
JohnJanusek
TheAncientIndus
RitaP.Wright
AncientInca
AlanL.Kolata
AncientCentralChina
RowanK.Flad,PochanChen
TheColonialCaribbean
JamesA.Delle
AncientTeotihuacan
GeorgeL.Cowgill
EarlyMedievalBritain
PamJ.Crabtree
AncientGreece:SocialStructureandEvolution
DavidB.Small
Ancient Gordion
Lisa Kealhofer
SantaClaraUniversity
Peter Grave
UniversityofNewEngland
Mary M. Voigt
CollegeofWilliam&Mary
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
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www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108490313
DOI:10.1017/9781108780681
©CambridgeUniversityPress2022
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2022
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Kealhofer,Lisa,author.|Grave,Peter,author.|Voigt,MaryM.,
author.
Title:AncientGordion/LisaKealhofer,SantaClaraUniversity,California,
PeterGrave,UniversityofNewEngland,Australia,MaryM.Voigt,Collegeof
WilliamandMary,Virginia.
Othertitles:CraftingceramicsandcommunityinIronAgeAnatolia
Description:Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2022.|
Series:Casestudiesinearlysocieties|Includesbibliographicalreferencesand
index.
Identifiers:LCCN2022001131(print)|LCCN2022001132(ebook)|
ISBN9781108490313(hardback)|ISBN9781108748391(paperback)|
ISBN9781108780681(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Gordion(Extinctcity)|Phrygians–Antiquities.|Pottery,
Ancient–Turkey–Gordion(Extinctcity)|Excavations(Archaeology)–
Turkey–Gordion(Extinctcity)|Turkey–Antiquities.|BISAC:SOCIAL
SCIENCE/Archaeology
Classification:LCCDS156.G6K432022(print)|LCCDS156.G6(ebook)|
DDC939/.26–dc23/eng/20220112
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022001131
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022001132
ISBN978-1-108-49031-3Hardback
ISBN978-1-108-74839-1Paperback
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accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Acknowledgments page x
Listof Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction: Iron AgeCeramics and Phrygian Gordion 1
GroupsandIdentityinArchaeology 2
TheSiteofGordionandItsHistory 5
TheGordionSequence 7
TheCeramicAssemblage 9
IssuesinAnatolianCeramics 10
StructureoftheBook 11
2 InventingIdentity:GroupFormationovertheLongueDurée 12
HowandWhyArchaeologistsStudyGroups 12
Technology,GroupsandMateriality 15
Groups,InteractionandStyle 17
TheArchaeologyofGroupFormationandDailyPractices 21
Conclusion 28
3 Contextualizing the CeramicAssemblage 29
AShortHistoryofArchaeologyatGordion 29
ArchaeologicalContextsatGordion 31
CeramicCollections 48
TheCeramicSamplesAnalyzedforThisStudy 50
CeramicPerspectivesonGordion 54
4 Identifying Gordion’sGroups 55
Introduction 55
PreviousApproachestoGordionCeramics 56
Chronology 57
FieldMethodology 58
TheNAADataset 62
MultivariateCharacterization 67
GeneralPatternsintheLargerDataset 69
CompositionalClustersandCulturalGroups 81
Ceramics,ArchaeologyandGroups 82
Conclusions 85
vii
viii Contents
5 The Late Bronze Age Community at Gordion:
The Late Bronze Age YHSS 10-8 ?1500–1150 BCE 86
Introduction 86
HistoricalandArchaeologicalBackground:CentralAnatolia 89
LateBronzeAgeCeramicsinAnatolia 93
?1500–1150BCE(YHSS10-8):BronzeAgeGordion 98
OverviewoftheBronzeAgeCeramicAssemblageatGordion(YHSS10-8) 103
NAACeramicAssemblage 116
Production,ConsumptionandDistribution 123
Conclusions 133
6 Reconstituting Community in the Early IronAge:
The Early Iron Age YHSS7 1150–900 BCE 136
Introduction 136
TransformingIdentities:FromCollapsetoCommunityinAnatolia 137
1150–900BCE(YHSS7):GordionEIAExcavations 139
OverviewofEIACeramicsatGordion 142
NAACeramicAssemblage 148
Production,ConsumptionandDistribution 159
Conclusions 170
7 New Identities, New Communities: The Early Phrygian
Period YHSS6 900–800 BCE 171
Introduction 171
TransformingIdentities:EmergentCommunitiesinCentralAnatolia 173
900–800BCE(YHSS6):GordionExcavations 174
OverviewofEarlyPhrygianCeramics 184
NAACeramicAssemblage 193
Production,ConsumptionandDistribution 210
Discussion:TransformingIdentities 224
Conclusions 226
8 Enacting Power: The Middle PhrygianPeriod YHSS 5
800–540 BCE 227
Introduction 227
MiddlePhrygianGordioninHistoricalContext 228
800–540BCE(YHSS5):MiddlePhrygianArchaeologyatGordion 230
OverviewofMiddlePhrygianCeramics 246
NAACeramicAssemblage 252
Production,ConsumptionandDistribution 282
Conclusions:Power,IdentityandGroupFormation 297
9 Identitiesin Flux: The Late Phrygian Period YHSS4
540–330 BCE 301
Introduction 301
Ca.540–330BCE:AchaemenidCentralAnatolia 302
Achaemenid(LatePhrygianYHSS4)Gordion:TheExcavations 304
OverviewofLatePhrygianCeramics 318
NAACeramicAssemblage 321
Production,ConsumptionandDistribution 334
Conclusions:GroupsinFlux 353
Contents ix
10 Conclusion: The DynamicsofGroups and Power
at Gordion 355
SocialGroupsatGordion 355
GroupsandtheDynamicsofIronAgeEconomies 367
ConcludingThoughts 371
Appendix: TurkishAbstract 373
References 380
Index 409
The colourplate section can befound between pages 210 and 211
Acknowledgments
AllmodernarchaeologicalresearchatGordion(1950–present)hasbeen
sponsored and supported by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology. The College of William & Mary was a
co-sponsor from 1991 to 2002, and the Royal Ontario Museum co-
sponsored work carried out between 1994 and 2002. Excavation and
survey at Gordion since 1988 have been supported by grants to Mary
Voigt from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH, a US
federal agency), the National Geographic Society, the Tanberg Trust,
the Kress Foundation and the IBM Foundation, and by gifts from
generous private donors. Additional funding for the excavation came
from grants made to T. Cuyler Young, Jr. by the Social Science and
Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Royal Ontario
Museum. The Gordion Regional Survey was funded by grants to Lisa
KealhoferbytheNationalScienceFoundation(BCS-9903149).Support
forthepreparationofdigitalimagesusedinthisvolumewasprovidedby
the 1984 Foundation. Voigt’s research at Gordion was made possible
and inspired by Robert H. Dyson, Keith DeVries, G. Kenneth Sams,
T. Cuyler Young, Charles K. Williams, II and Brian Rose. She thanks
them,alongwiththelargeandtalentedteamofsitesupervisorsandlocal
workerswhoselaborontheR.S.YoungandVoigtexcavationsproduced
the foundation on which our researchfor this book rests.
This international collaborative project, originating in the Anatolian
IronAgeCeramicsProject(AIA),wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithout
the financial support of the National Science Foundation (grants BCS-
9903149, 0410220, 0513403) and the Australian Research Council
(grants DP0558992, DP190102089).We are indebted to the generosity
of many ceramicists working at Gordion over the last two decades who
have made their expertise available for this work. Many of them have
also aided us in the production of this book: Carolyn Aslan, Keith
DeVries, Gül Gürtekin-Demir, Robert C. Henrickson, Kathleen
Lynch, G. Kenneth Sams and Galya Toteva (now Bacheva). We are
particularly grateful to Gordion archivist Gareth Darbyshire for his
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