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tronoirmc e chaniicnacll,up dhiontgo croepcyo,r doiran ngy,
informatioann sdrt eotrraisgeyevs atlwe imt,h opuetr mis
sioinnw ritfirnogtm h peu blisehxecreb,pya t r eviewwheor
mayq uotber ipeafs sagaec sr iitnai rctaiolcr rl eev iteobw e
printeamd a gianz oirnn ee wspaopree rl,e ctrotnriacnasl-ly
mittoendr aditoe,l eviosrti hoIenn ,t ernet.
LibroarfCy o ngrCeastsa lNougm be9r5:- 82428
ISBN1 3-di9g7i8t-:0 -87341-637-5
ISBN1 0-di0g-i8t7:3 41-637-6
Prinitnte hdUe n itSettdae osfA merica
PREFACE
®
new oultdhn ikt hacth oosaib nogos kt 'itwloeu lbdet he
easipeasrottfw ritiitbn,ug nt o sto tihnic sa sAef.t eemr
bractihntege rRmo moanii nV olumoen eo ft hisse riwees ,
encounstoemrmeei dn roers isttota hneecx eep ssrioInit.s a ,f taelarl ,
chanfgreot mh neo rmO.ne c riwtaiasc l retahdiyn akhienagwd o,n der
ing wthhtaeit ot lfVe ol umVe w oulbde ?O nt hoet hhearn wde,a lso
received encounruamgiaestmmtieswsn,ht o sofepr ionmiw oevn asl ue.
Wew inlolrt ie tetrhaaetr eg umheenrbteu ,tt h e esosfoe upnroc sei itsi on
that tBhyeaz tntieinrisemn accea unridan tapproTphrei arteteah.sa otn
weh avber outghhpitos l etmoti hcde o osrtoepf roeuard iensre shi ettro
griannad x neo,lr e aacd r usaidsesi. m ptIlotmy a kaen ewg eenration
ofc olleacwtaeotr rhsat hte irasen a ltervniaet.w ive
Onec ritwihciiwcsehmt ootkoh eawrats btehigantn icnogl lectors
who wuenrmfeia lwiiatrh eoirb tohhto eftr h etseer cmosu blecd o unsfed.
Weh avteh eremfaodarec e o nceerftfetodokr ete pr aetdheear w aetr hat
bohtt eramrsue se d-anuds abHleen.ct ehre a tahmebri gutoiuftsol re
thviosl uWmeea .rn eo atl oinnte h dee seti ofr ianm do era ccteapbtleer m
thaBny zantTihtnei et.ol fHe aslr aBne r,kE 'atsseRrno maSnuc csessoo fr
thSeet setriaunsRd omaGno lCdo ionfts h e MeWdorile3dv38 a-5l13 A4 D,
suggtehshatett ohoa d sroemsee rvaabtoituohtnne as m Beyz antDirn.e .
JohLnh ottkiath libesod o Iktno rducttEoia toRs no m(aBnay ntziCnoeni)a ge.
InT hFeal olft hReo maEnmi prAeR :e apipsraMalih,ca eGlr aindte inetsi f
JsutinIai saa nn" EaRsotm a(nB ynztaiEnmep)re o.rT "hpea ernthceatli
"Byzanithsii nTseh."e arreme a noyt heirnsc,l usdoimhneig s toorfi ans
renowwhnoh, avien dictahtreotduh gtehi tolfe stp huebihlrei wdso rks
thatt etr"hmBey zantiinsno eut"n iverfsaavelodlrN.ye verthtehlee ss,
worolfd aca-doefmtiieannt raicnts aubcmhla eet rt-swiblels lotwo
accaenpcyth an.Tg heiisns o tto sou rspirnnigo,ir is nt e cessaba ardi ly
tihn.gH owe,vw eerb elitehvaceth anigsie no rd,ae nrdw ea roen ly
doionugsr m aplalrh ter teoh elmpa ekt heatv ident.
Thea rrangeomfte hnivtso luimsie d enttioic tpasrl e dsescoers.
Thaitst ,h earree mansye csthciooormntps i ilnael do ofsrea mewoofr k
"hcapt.eT rhse"se saepcpotraihcvo anrsi soujubestc sg oefn eirnatle rest
tot hbee ginnewrh-ofmto hrbi oso kw riist Ntoennoe.ft hecmo nstitute
ac omephrensdiivsec uosfst hiteoo ncp .iA ftaelrtl h,ii sasr oamda p
tot he hoofbc boyl le,nc otatit nhgeosrid si ssertTahtesiyio mnp.l y
inotdrutchere ae detrov ariaosupse ocft sct ohien aangdie t asr tistic
orh istoriicaatl.i T oahnsesssoec viagrmneee atntttoe ss atlaonnde as
three addeirg eosntoesr m orsee ctaitaot nism Weh.i mloes bto oakrse
meanttob er eafdr ocmo vteocr o vienor n pea ssiTnhbego .o iknst his
serdiiefsif netroe nnat.liT lhyeayr mee atnoto ffienrf ormianst hioornt
"bytreast"th hearan sf o lwindgi scoCuornssee.nq t,ult eyhewriebl el
IV
sommei nroerp etdiett-iaavilelt honuoegtnh o utgobh e cotmeed ious
we wohuolp.de
Evetnh eex peenrciceodl leschtooubrle dni etffr otmh mea niyl
lustroafst uiponesr iohre rceaoininpdn,e hs ra pfsr omo tbhsee rvations
ofad iffesreoetfen yets W.e h avter iteod a bsae c cuarsal tiet eer atur
anrde seaator ucdrhi spwoisalallll ,o wbiunte vitthaebwrliebyl e ln ew
discovaenirdni teesr prtehtwaaetth iaovmneis es dsF.o trh at, we apolo
gizien advIantn hcfieeis.l ads,i na lfile ldnsu moifs matiicass , there
sbustanatmioauolnfr t e scehba eriunngdr etakbeypn or fessiaonnda ls
amateauleri.sSk erisotuusd aenncdto sl lewcotuolbrdews e lald vised
tos ubsctroti hbseec holjauorrlnyaw lhsi cahn noutnhcwieos r k and
pubhlt ihsrese ults.
RomaioorBn ya zntcioniecn osn stointoeutf t hmeeo setx cifiteilndgs
availtaotb hcleoe l loefmc otdoerms eta nEsv.et nhg er eraatr iitntii hess
serdione osct o mmand etsht eha amp ter diiceos ccrarrceiatlyii ntz hees
fielodfG reoerkR omacno inaTgheme.o setx penosfti hveecs oei anrse
measuirnte hdo usoafdn odalsrl wsh,i tlheme o st exGpreencesokii vnes
armee asuirnhe udn eddrosft housoafdn odlsl Tahrlese .ae sxtp ensive
mayb ep urchfaoslree tdsh sa nc otoshflten u cahta f asoto-rdfe staurant.
Iafn ciceoniton nts h weh olaeru en daeprp recainaudtn edde rvalued,
the"nB ynztainceo"ia nrsge r eautnldye rvda.Nl ouetev erywoinbleel
attratcott heecdso ei Tnhse.oy f faec re rtcahairnmb ,ut th eayrn eo vti s
ibilmyp rievses-tfhomero spta rTth.e aitrt ralcitmeioseor s noi nt he
mysttehraiytas s soecdwi iattthhi ehri staonrodyr igin.
Iitss t piolsls iintb hslsi ee rfioetrsh e acrodlelntetofc itnodr rare and
eveunn iuqec oiinnds e ajluenrbk o x.eI snf acotnh,ea asm uch greater
chancfien doiafnu gn iqbureo nfzreot mh Cear thaTghees,s aloorn ica
Treibzomnidnt th aakn e dyat Ien dianp eHnenTayhd.re e asisosin m ple.
Fewc olleocrdt eoarlsae rrsesu fficiaewnaetor lfty h rea rsi.Tt hiaeits
noatta lslu rpnrggi,is vitehnne a tuorfte h e coinage. doW hile rarities
abouanndtd,h eayrc eh eaopn,e rheaatslok l nyo twh e ctooci ahnsi sn
ont hafta cLti.ka en oyt hceart egoofcr oyif nrsot mh aen ciweonrtl d,
thenseee db eat popo rahcewdi ht sap ceimfeitcdh ooglyoI.it ts e mpting
tot akase h otagpuponra ch caonldla l eticltotef t hainsad l itotftl hea t,
buste lddoomet sh aipsp orachb rirnegsa alst fiacotrai m oena niunlg f
colleCcotnicoenn.t arnafdto icouns kaeryetso s t uhcec eisbsse .st toI t
chooasr ee latively onfia nrtreaornwetd sh fiteee nlx dp ainatds t ime
goeosnS .t arotuitn hgw liaot osdeeilfnyeo dbe jctiiasvs eue rr ecipe for
wastteidma en mdo ney.
Thearreme a nyp oisbsalpepo rahcesb utiol dac ionlgl eOcntei on.
coufloder,x ampcloen,c enotncr oaitfners oa mp artimciunoltrai rm
perdiyanlta ysA.n othaeprpo rachm igbhet atsos emabt lyeps eeo tf
coins idnesgap iioncrtta sn gse.Al na mbitpioroejucsmt i gihntc lude
assembald iatnesg ef to r oofn elt ohnegr eeri gneimpnegr oIorfns e.
v
hasp eraf erfeonhrci es totriimcceaa pls ,u lteahsermreae n cyo itnhsa t
cabne t iedam itloi atdavreyn otrpu roel ietviecnaTthl.pe ossibilities
arnee arelneyds ls.
Wherdeo eosn set aWretlt?lh daetp endpse rosnoi nntaelr beustt s,
the anis"swn aeyrw hee".rP icukpa c oin-caon-iyna nlde arn what
itpsl aicnhe i stiosFr.iy n oduw th atth weo rldl iwwkahese n ctohiant
wasst urckL.e awrhna mta kethspa atr ticcouidlnia frf ferroeanmltt lh e
othtehrlasiti e tn r aysb oaxhneedsr et ahneArdle s.o , learanr ew hat coins
relattote hdsa pte ciamnebdne lobnyig ts si dTeh.ii wssh etnh ceo llecting
beg.i nssAe arfcoshrp ecciofiicn sa ntshwpaertre concqeuievsetdi ons
ore xpaonned' asw aerneosfass eriiasel sa booflr o vaenj do y.
Havisnpge tnhtbe e tptaeorrft3 2y easrtsu dyainncgiG erenetak n d
Roman ciohtia bnses e,and iisntpclte aets ouc romptihlieen formation
presehnet.reW ede h avbee einn spirleodoa ktct ooi noaftg heti ism e
anpdl acaef rianm eworwke hw ahdi cpnhero vti ocuosnlsyei ddT.eh re
histroerpyr esbeytn hteesde icsfo aisncsi natiiitnsa gc ,h aalnlde nge
toc apett uhrees seonfac c eo mplipceartseodn oarrl eiitgyan f eiwn
paragroaftp ehxsWte .h avter itehdr ougthopo ruets iennfto rmation
thwaitil nls ptihrreee a dteos re eakd diiotnsaolue rsAc.n ticitphaatti ng
ins omcea sweesm igshutc cweeeh da,vp eer senatr etadh eerx tensive
biblioyg.I ritaos pu hhro pteh aitnd, i stislolmoieftn hgie n formation
avabillweae,w islelr avsaec atafloyorst th teord se ldveee pienrtt hoe
mysteorfRi oemsa i/oyBnz antcionien age.
GainesMviislsilo1 eu99,r8 w.G.S.
VI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Wea rien debttoPe edtL earm ipnefnr,i aennddde dtiecndau misma
tifsotsr,h arhiinesgx perotnti hsieem itaotf"i Boynzsa nctoiinnea"g e.
Thiissa v erbyr osaudeb cjt,w hoinci hno frmatiisoo bns eca unrdt oo
lititpslu ebi lsdh.We ea rvee rfyo rtunbaetneef firttoho m im sa nyye ars
ofs tuadnydp orfesswioornikant l h fieel dT.h ek inpde rmisosfi on
PreosfsColrti ofFno txoq uote hfiCrseo tlmoaa rr ltei-cwhiincchl udes
inofrmataibootnuh toe r iagnimdne aningt ioBtfal est ih-eli gesru aste
fulalcyk nodwgleedW.ea lstoh annokt Beydaz ntiSniimsoBtne ndall
fopre rmistsoii nocnle uxdter aancidt lssl turatfiroohnmisa s r tiicnl es
The CeOluatrth oanrak.sws e ltloC hrCiosn nelslh afrwoiirnt ughs t he
abstracotfCi hosrntis p 'ortornac iotio nfJs o hVnI ITIh.es pecial font
forre produocfet piiognr atpihtiilcntea hslGe a lloefEr myp eraonrds
Emprewsaspser so vibdye dDC alna rk.
Sintchebi so oiksl ,i tkheo bseef oirtae,s ynsthioesfi nofrmation
fromma nsyo ruceisit,ns o pto isbstloea cknloewdagleol ft hneu mis
matiwshtohs a vmea daec onbturtiiTohnes. c holairnts hhfiiiespl i ds
truly ainsagtn,oad uc nudrsgoalrnyca ett hbei bliogwriarlpelhv ieeasl
thnea meosft howsheol eaidnt hrisesp eLcetut.sr eitoeurtrah taen ks
toe veornyweh oh atsa ktehnte i maen mda dteh eef ftoosr hta trhee ir
knowledignpe r in1tw£.e msaiyn oguljteu st oncea,bn e lt ihtetrlee
doutbhtDa tav iRd.S eahrad so enm orteof sotneerw c ollienctteorre st
int hssi ertiheaasn lo lt haeurt hcoormsbe idnH.i Bsy aztniCnoei annsd
TheVialrus ie isn dispefnotsrha bebe ligenn aenred x pearlti ke.
Illusitntr hafiitfsetv dho luomfteh Aen ectniC oiCno lilnesgce trairees
ag reat mansyp escuipimenercnbls u,d ionfeg x cseopmteri ayor.niW aet l
ardee epilnyd ebttoCe lda sNsuimciaslm GartoiuocpfL , a ncteaPrse,n n
sylvaHnairalJ;Ba. ner ko,fC hicaIglnolo,iiL se;Nu u mismoafZt uirki ch,
SwitzeMr&lMa Nnudm;i smaLttidoc.fBs as eSlw,i tzeFrrlnaakLn .d ,
KovaocfSsa Mna etoC,a loirfnainaEd d waJrW.da d deolfGl a hietrsburg,
Marylfaonprde rmistsori eopnr oducef ropmmho ontoogsr afipxhesd,
prilcieas ntadsu ction ciastsabulyeto dhg eufiierrsm s. .
Ast hipsor jemcotv eisn tiotfi sn aplh aIsm eu satc nkowlegde,
morseot haenv ,et rhien valausastbialnsepc reo vibdyme ydw iefa nd
companDioosrn-i whtoh rohuegvrhi gniclaean fdo erabnrcakee eps
it taolgle ther.
Vll
TABLE OCFO NTENTS
PREFACE iv
.......................................................(cid:3)...............................................
ACKNOLWEDGMNETS. ...........................v..i.. ...........................................
I Britohfa C uulrt.e. .........;.. ..............1.. .................................................... .
II AnatoomfayC oi.n. .............................4.. ...............................................
Mint.s. ...................................5.. ......................................................
LisMti onftm /aO rfkfisc i.n.a.s.. ............5
.... ......... . .............. ...
Denomin.at.i.o.n.s. ......................6.. .................................................
MajDoern ominiatnGi ool.nd.s . .......9. ..................................
MajoDre nominaitnSi iol.nv.se. r. ......1.0. ..............................
MajDoern omtioinniasnB ornz.e. .......1.1. .............................
Dates. ..... .. . . 12
.................................................................................
ScyphCaotien .a.g.e. .. . ... ... 13
...........................................................
Bbiliopgh.rya ................1.5. ......................................................
Counter.m.a.r.k.s. .......................1..6.. ..............................................
Bibolgria.ph.y. ... . .......... 16
......... .............................. ...... . ..........
AnoynmouFso lles. . . .. . ... 17
..............................................................
Biblriaop.gh.y ...........................1..9. .........................................
Iocnogprh.ay. .................2.0. .............................................................
VestiogfIe msp eProiratlu rr.ae.i t........2.1. .............................
AntistiohsfPe orturr.aei .t .... . ...22
...........................................
ImpeDrrieasls .. . .. .......24
.............. ................................ ............
Iconoc..l.asm. . .. . ..... ...26
.................................................. ........ ..
Pantaotce.rr. . . . ....2 8
...................................................................
ReRxe gnan.ti.um. ........29
........................................................
bASILREWVMSA IWN. .............3.0. .............................................
IIGIa lylo efEr mperaonrEdsm persses . ... .....33
................................... ...
Anasta.sC.io.un ssn ttaiXnI(e i ndex). 122
.....................................
IV RomainaL:a nodfst hReo ma.i..o. i..........1.2.3. .....................................
Spai.n. ..................................1..2.4.. ................................... .............
Biblpiho.yg .ra..............1.2.4. ....................................................
Sic/iI ltya. l.y. ...............1.2.5. ...........................................................
Biblriaop.gh.y ..............1.2.6. ....................................................
MapW:es teLrann dsR oomfa .ni.a. .........1.2.7. .....................................
Thessal/oE npiicr.au. s. ...........1.2.8. ..............................................
Bbiliroagpy.h ...............1.2.8. ....................................................
ThMe ore.a. .................1.2.9. .............................................................
Bibglriaoyp. h...............1.2.9. ....................................................
Map:Th Be osphorCuosn,s tanatnitdnh oIepm lpee Praila.al3c1 0e
Constant.in.opl.e . ..... ...1.31
................................................. ........... ..
ThLe aitnK ingdom . . .132
........................................................
Bbiliroagph.y .. . . . .. 132
..........................................................
ThPeo litCiokion.na .g.e ..........1.3.3 ........................................
Vlll
