Ancestral Hopi Migrations

155 Pages·2003·17.148 MB·English

by  Patrick D. Lyons

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
NUMBER 68
Ancestral Hopi Migrations
Patrick D. Lyons
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS
TUCSON
2003
About the Author
PATRICK D. LYONS is a preservation archaeologist at the Research reported in this volume has been
Center for Desert Archaeology, a private, nonprofit orga partially supported by an Emil W. Haury
nization based in Tucson, Arizona. His interests include the Graduate Fellowship awarded to Patrick D.
late prehistoric and protohistoric archaeology of the Greater Lyons, 1994-1997, Department of Anthro
Southwest; ancient migrations; ceramic sourcing, technol pology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
ogy, and decoration; Hopi ethnography and oral tradition;
and the use of oral tradition in archaeological research. He
has been involved in Southwestern archaeology for ten years,
was a staff member of the Homol'ovi Research Program of
the Arizona State Museum, and has done fieldwork in and
analyzed ancient ceramics from southeastern Arizona. Dr.
Lyons received his B.A. (1991) and M.A. (1992) degrees
from the University of Illinois at Chicago and earned his
doctoral degree at the University of Arizona in 2001.
Cover: Gila Polychrome jar (DI192) recovered from the Davis
Ranch Site (AZ BB:11:36 ASM; ARIZONA BB:ll:7 AF) placed
atop a perforated plate (RRl72) found at Reeve Ruin (AZ
BB:ll:26 ASM; ARIZONA BB:ll:12 AF). Photograph by T. J.
Ferguson, reprinted courtesy of John A. Ware and the Amerind
Foundation. These objects, although they were not found together,
are positioned to illustrate the hypothetical use of perforated
plates as base molds in pottery making. The plate sags in places
where it has been partially reconstructed; the unreconstructed
portion of the plate matches the size and shape of the bottom of the
jar resting on it. The rim of the plate, where it has not been
reconstructed, meets the shoulder of the jar, where the base of the
vessel ends and the wall begins. Diameter of the plate is 35 cm.
Second printing 2004
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS
Copyright © 2003
The Arizona Board of Regents
All rights reserved
This book was set in lO.7/12 CG Times
@) This book is printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lyons, Patrick D. . 1969-
Ancestral Hopi migrations 1 Patrick D. Lyons.
p. cm. -- (Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona; no. 68)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8165-2280-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Hopi Indians--Migrations. 2. Hopi Indians--Antiquities. 3.
Indians of North America--Southwest. New--Antiquities. 4.
Southwest. New--Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series.
E99.H7 .L96 2002
979' .01--dc21
2002153731
Contents
PREFACE vii Tracking Population Dynamics
Acknowledgments viii on the Hopi Mesas 37
1. STUDYING ANCIENT MIGRATIONS 1
3. ANCESTRAL HOPI ARCHAEOLOGY
In Defense of Culture History 1
AT HOMOL'OVI 39
Migration Revisited 4
Homol'ovi: A Hopi Place 39
Traditional Approaches: Migration
Winslow Orange Ware and the Origins
as an Event 4
of the People of Homol' ovi 41
Recent Advances: Migration as
Compositional Analysis of Winslow
Process 5
Orange Ware 43
Clark's Enculturation and Co-
Compositional Patterns and
Residence Model 8
the Migration Inference 45
Tracking Ancient Migrations with
The Whole Vessel Study 46
Compositional Analyses 9
Description 46
The "Multidimensional Approach"
Ware and Type Definitions 48
to Ceramic Variability 9
Ware Comparisons 48
Archaeological Approaches to Style 11
Analysis of Painted Decoration 49
A New Synthesis 12
The Ancestral Hopi Pottery
Tradition of Homol' ovi 58
2. ANCESTRAL HOPI MIGRATION
Cups, Miniature Pitchers,
MARKERS 14
and Bird Effigy Vessels 58
Hisat.sinom, Hopis, and Units
Winslow Orange Ware and
of Culture History 14
White Mountain Red Ware 60
Kayenta, Tusayan, and Winslow
Architectural Evidence Supporting
Branches of the Anasazi 15
Migration 60
Kayenta Branch 15
Tusayan Branch 16
Winslow Branch 17 4. SALADO AND ROOSEVELT RED
Traces of Ancient Immigrants 18 WARE REVISITED 62
Perforated Plates 18 The Salado Phenomenon and
Babe-in-Cradle Effigies and Roosevelt Red Ware 62
Effigy Handles 24 Crown's "Ceramics and Ideology" 65
Colanders 25 Roosevelt Red Ware as Ancestral
"Rivet-Attachment" of Ladle Handles 27 Hopi Pottery 67
The Maverick Mountain Series 28 Initial Production of Roosevelt
Kivas 30 Red Ware by Immigrants 67
The Kayenta Entrybox Complex 33 Continued Production of Roosevelt
Other Migration Markers 34 Red Ware by Immigrants 70
Modeling Ancient Demography 35 Synthesis of Production and
The Scale of Ancestral Hopi Migration Evidence 74
Migration, A.D. 1250-1450 35 Roosevelt Red Ware Decorative Style 75
[iii]
iv Contents
Settlement and Ceramic Assemblage Archaeology and Hopi Oral
Variability among Ancient Immigrants 76 Tradition Juxtaposed 91
Crown's "Immigrants as Part-Time Common Threads 92
Specialists" Model Revisited 78 Restructured Representations
The "Meaning" of Roosevelt Red of the Past 94
Ware Decoration 80 Archaeological Approaches to
Ancient Migrations 96
5. INTEGRATING HOPI ORAL TRADITION Detection 96
AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Motivation 96
OF ANCIENT MIGRATIONS 82 Organization and Logistics 97
Using Oral Tradition in Impact 98
Archaeological Research 82 Beyond Ancestral Hopi Archaeology 98
Vansina's Oral Tradition
as History 83
APPENDIX: INAA Laboratory Procedures
Arguments Against Using Oral and Statistical Analyses 101
Tradition in Archaeology 85 Sample Preparation and Irradiation 101
Examining Hopi Oral Tradition 86 Statistical Analyses and Results 101
Hopi Emergence and Migration
Accounts 87
REFERENCES 109
Hopi Clans and Phratries of
Southern Origin 89
INDEX 133
Clans and Phratries of the
North: The People of Toko'navi,
Kawestima, and Kiisiw 89 ABSTRACT, RESUMEN 141
FIGURES
1.l. Locations of sites in Arizona and 3.1. Location of sites within the
neighboring regions x Homol' ovi settlement cluster 40
2.1 Locations of the Kayenta region, the 3.2. Kayenta zonal or banded layouts,
Tusayan region (Hopi Mesas) and the radial layouts, and meridional
Winslow branch area 15 arrangements 50
2.2 Perforated plate fragments 19 3.3. Bowl layouts characteristic of
2.3 Distribution of sites with one or more Pinedale Style A and Pinedale
perforated plates and the locations of Style B 51
known Roosevelt Red Ware production 3.4. Landmarks of ancestral Hopi
areas in Arizona 21 pottery design layouts 52
2.4 Ceramic babe-in-cradle ladle 24 3.5. Schematic Jeddito Style radial
2.5. Ceramic colander 26 layouts derived from the Kayenta-
2.6. Rivet technique for the attachment Tusayan tradition 53
of ladle handles 27 3.6 Bowl layouts characteristic of
2.7. Maverick Mountain Black-on-red and Tuwiuca Style A and Tuwiuca
Maverick Mountain Polychrome sherds 29 Style B 55
2.8. Tusayan D-shaped kiva 31 3.7. Schematic bowl layouts characteristic
2.9. Kayenta platform kivas 32 of Awat'ovi Style 56
2.10. Kayenta rectangular kivas 32 3.8. Schematic bowl layouts characteristic
2.11. The Kayenta entrybox complex 34 of Sikyatki Style 56
Contents v
3.9. Characteristic Kayenta and Tusayan A.I. PCA plot of the final, three-group
vessel forms exhibited by Winslow model of the core INAA data set 102
Orange Ware 59 A.2. Biplot of the three-group model of
4.1. Roosevelt Red Ware bowls from the core INAA data set showing the
Chodistaas Pueblo juxtaposed contribution of different elements
with schematic Jeddito Style to group separation 103
and Kayenta Style layouts 77 A.3. Bivariate plot of the final, three-group
model of the core INAA data set 104
TABLES
1.1. Behavioral mechanisms of ceramic circu- 3.9. Approximate frequency of subrim
lation and their material correlates 10 banding lines and line breaks on
2.1. Partial list of sites with whole or prehistoric bowls by ceramic type 54
fragmentary ceramic perforated plates 22-23 3.10. Frequency of whole vessels from
2.2. Sites with babe-in-cradle vessel Awat'ovi and Homol'ovi with
handles and ceramic cradle effigies 24 banding lines and line breaks 55
2.3. Sites with whole or fragmentary 3.11. Comparison of design layouts on
ceramic colanders 25 vessels of White Mountain Red Ware,
2.4. Sites and wares with rivet- Jeddito Orange Ware, Winslow Orange
attachment ladle handles 28 Ware, and Jeddito Yellow Ware 57
2.5. Sites south of the Hopi Mesas with 3.12. Comparison of design styles on bowls of
the Kayenta entrybox complex 34 Jeddito Orange Ware, Winslow Orange
3.1. Dates of occupation of the Ware, and Jeddito Yellow Ware 58
Hamal' ovi villages 40 3.13. Design styles and substyles on vessels
3.2. Phase sequence for the Homol' ovi area 40 from the Homol' ovi villages by ware
3.3. Typology of Winslow Orange Ware 42 and site 59
3.4 Number of prehistoric sherds in the 4.1. Evidence of northern immigrants
INAA sample by site and region 44 at selected sites 68
3.5 Perforated plates recovered from 4.2. Known Roosevelt Red Ware production
the Homol' ovi villages 47 areas and associated indications of
3.6. Typological analysis of whole vessels northern immigrants 69
from Homol' ovi at the Field Museum 5.1. Hopi clans and their geographical
of Natural History, Chicago 48 associations 88
3.7. Forms of Homol' ovi whole vessels A.!, Elements used in the compositional
curated by the Field Museum of analysis 101
Natural History by major wares 48 A.2 Group membership probabilities for
3.8. Types of prehistoric pottery displaying the three-group structure, based
Jeddito Style decoration 54 on Mahalanobis distance 105

Preface
There remains much material on the migrations of Hopi clans yet to be gathered,
and the identification by archeologic methods of many sites of ancient habitations
is yet to be made. This work, however, can best be done under guidance of the
Indians by an ethno-archeologist, who can bring as a preparation for his work an
intimate knowledge of the present life of the Hopi villagers.
Jesse Walter Fewkes 1900: 579
T
Wo trends are especially evident in the history He, HRP Associate Director Richard C. Lange, and
of research on the archaeological record of the their staff have focused most of their effort on under
Hopi people. From the beginning, tribal oral tradition, standing the latest prehistoric occupation of the Win
whether regarding Hopi origins and migrations or the slow area, between A.D. 1250 and 1400, investigating
destruction of Awat'ovi and the "abandonment" of oth the origin of the people of Homol' ovi and their relation
er ancestral villages, has provided hypotheses for an ships with the ancient inhabitants of the Hopi Mesas and
thropologists to investigate and frameworks with which those of adjacent regions.
to interpret archaeological and other anthropological It is the premise of this study that the large number
data. Also, Homol'ovi, the area surrounding Winslow, of ancestral Hopi people (natives of the Tusayan and
Arizona, has long been a key focus of study as an Kayenta regions of northern Arizona) who left their
ancestral place that both links the Hopi people to homelands between A.D. 1250 and 1400 and the long
ancient forebears and connects the villages of the Hopi list of their destinations have been underappreciated in
Mesas with a larger traditional territory that extends the past and that a clearer perception of the late prehis
beyond present reservation boundaries. tory of the Greater Southwest is dependent on under
Jesse Walter Fewkes conducted the first archaeo standing both the scale and the impact of these popula
logical excavations at Homol'ovi in 1896, and more so tion movements. After introducing theory and method
than any of his contemporaries (perhaps more so than for the anthropological study of migrations (Chapter 1)
any archaeologist since) he viewed the archaeology of and highlighting the key archaeological patterns that
Arizona, and northern Arizona in particular, through allow researchers to trace the movements of ancestral
the lens of Hopi origin and migration traditions. Fewkes Hopi groups (Chapter 2), I address the archaeological
(1898a: 519) characterized his work at Homol'ovi as an record of Homol'ovi (Chapter 3), presenting evidence
archaeological investigation of Hopi claims that their that the ancient inhabitants of the Winslow area were
ancestors had lived in the area. He also laid plans to immigrants from the Hopi Mesas.
trace ancestral Hopi migrations "step by step, by ar Building on research by Patricia L. Crown, I con
chaeological methods" through the Mogollon Rim coun clude that ancestral Hopi groups were responsible not
try to the Phoenix Basin (Fewkes 1898a: 539). This only for the origin but also the spread of Roosevelt Red
monograph represents an effort to merge the spirit of Ware (the Salado polychromes; Chapter 4). I then com
Fewkes' approach with modern theory and method. pare the general themes and trends evident in Hopi oral
Much of the information presented here was gener accounts of their origins and migrations with archaeolo
ated by the Homol'ovi Research Program (HRP). E. gical and other anthropological data and illustrate the
Charles Adams, Curator of Archaeology at the Arizona broad applicability of the methods employed here (Chap
State Museum, established this ongoing project in 1985. ter 5).
[vii]
viii Preface
In most cases, Hopi words are rendered here in the E. Murphy participated in the analysis of vessels
orthography used by the Hopi Dictionary Project (Hill curated at the Field Museum. Julia I. Meyers photo
and others 1998), based on the Third Mesa dialect. The graphed and assisted in the study of vessels examined at
orthographies employed by other scholars, however, are the Museum of Northern Arizona. The assistance of
retained in direct quotations. Hopi place names are not Alexander 1. Lindsay in documenting the temporal and
italicized in the text. Other Hopi words, with a few ex spatial distribution of artifacts marking the migrations
ceptions (such as "kiva"), are italicized. Words such as on which this study focuses is sincerely appreciated.
Homol' ovi and Awat' ovi, when they appear in the For permission to reproduce illustrations and photo
names of previously defined pottery types or wares (like graphs I thank E. Charles Adams (Editor of the Ari
Homolovi Polychrome, Awatovi Black-on-yellow, or zona State Museum Archaeological Series), the Amerind
Homolovi Gray Ware), are written without the symbol Foundation (John A. Ware, Director), the Field Muse
that indicates a glottal stop, as is the name of Homol um of Natural History, the Museum of Northern Ari
ovi Ruins State Park, which encompasses the villages of zona, the Peabody Museum (the President and Fellows
Homol'ovi I, II, III, and IV and Adobe Pueblo. of Harvard College), and the University of Arizona
Two reviewers of the manuscript, while recognizing Press. Ronald 1. Beckwith drafted Figures 1.1 and 2.7
the need to adhere to scientific citation standards when as well as Figure 2.2fand g. R. Jane Sliva drew Figure
incorporating the work of other scholars, pleaded for 2.2a-e, h-i. T. 1. Ferguson produced the image that
relief from constant interruptions in the text. These appears on the cover. Maria Nieves Zedeno prepared
issues are resolved by the use of footnotes, a diver the Spanish translation of the Abstract.
gence from the usual format of the Anthropological I am grateful to Michael A. Adler and Patricia L.
Papers. Crown, who reviewed the manuscript for the University
of Arizona Press. Both made substantive suggestions
and the final product is improved because of their
thoughtful efforts. Crown, in particular, gave the manu
script a close reading and her extensive comments and
Acknowledgments
constructive criticism are much appreciated. She has
Numerous people and organizations have contributed pioneered perspectives on Roosevelt Red Ware that will
to the creation of this monograph .. For its initial impe form the basis of our understanding of the Salado phe
tus I thank Agnese N. Haury. Her generous support in nomenon for years to come.
the form of an Emil W. Haury Fellowship (Department I thank Carol A. Gifford, Editor of the Anthro
of Anthropology, University of Arizona), which I held pological Papers of the University of Arizona, for her
between 1994 and 1997, allowed me to expand my re wise organizational, grammatical, and stylistic sugges
search on ancestral Hopi migrations. The compositional tions and for her careful attention to detail. Her work
analysis and whole vessel study reported here were ethic, her patience, and her ability to coach an author
funded principally by the National Science Foundation to produce succinct prose are admirable. Dirk 1. Harris,
(SBR-9812260), but also the University of Arizona De Support Systems Analyst in the Department of Anthro
partment of Anthropology. I conducted the composi pology at the University of Arizona, provided expert
tional analysis at the Missouri University Research Re assistance with scanning figures and illustration prep
actor, under the guidance of Hector Neff and Michael aration.
D. Glascock. Samples and permission for destructive The following individuals helped make this work
analysis were provided by the Arizona State Museum, possible by providing sage advice, access to collections,
the National Park Service Western Archeological and unpublished information, permissions, or logistical
Conservation Center, the Coconino National Forest, and assistance: E. Charles Adams, Elisa Aguilar, Jerice
Petrified Forest National Park. Andrew I. L. Duff, Barrios, Kim Beckwith, Karen Berggren, Ryan Charles,
Barbara 1. Mills, Daniela 1. Triadan, and Maria Nieves Jeffery 1. Clark, Madelyn Cook, Jeffrey S. Dean,
Zedeno generously shared compositional data from their Donna M. Dickerson, William H. Doelle, Kurt Dongo
analyses. Research on whole vessels was conducted ske, Alan Ferg, T. 1. Ferguson, Meryn Finity, Douglas
principally at the Field Museum of Natural History, but W. Gann, Mary Graham, Jonathan Haas, Kelley Hays
also at the Arizona State Museum, the Western Arche Gilpin, Michelle Hellickson, Kacy Hollenback, the
ological and Conservation Center, the Museum of Hopi Cultural Resources Advisory Task Team, Elaine
Northern Arizona, and the Amerind Foundation. James Hughes, G. Michael Jacobs, Anne Trinkle Jones, Leigh
Preface ix
1. Kuwanwisiwma, Vincent M. LaMotta, Richard C. this book is based, including Missi Adkins, Donna
Lange, Alexander 1. Lindsay, Micah Loma'omvaya, Cook, Stan Cook, Roberta Foster. Helen Kirkey, flor
William A. Longacre, Tony Marinella, Allan J. Mc ence Lord, Richard W. Lord, Cathy Maickel, Betsy
Intyre, Barbara 1. Mills, Tracy Murphy, Linda J. Marshall, James E. Murphy and Jane Strasburg. Among
Pierce, Peter 1. Pilles, Stephen E. Nash, Trisha Rude, this group, James E. Murphy deserves special recogni
Michael B. Schiffer, Emory Sekaquaptewa, Robyn tion for his steadfast friendship and the many ways he
Slayton-Martin, Dianna Thor, Fred Trevey, Sharon Ur has contributed to my research through the years.
ban, James M. Vint, Arthur Vokes, William H. Walk This monograph is dedicated, with love, to my wife,
er, Henry D. Wallace, John A. Ware, David R. Wil Hilary Alfia Lyons, and to our three sons, Aodhan
cox, Anne I. Woosley, Helga Wocherl, Maria Nieves Gedalie Lyons, Ezra Joseph Lyons, and Orson Menashe
Zedeiio, and Lisa Zimmerman. lowe special thanks to Lyons. They have changed my life for the better in
the die-hard HRP volunteers who helped to excavate, many ways and for this I am grateful. I hope they are
document, and analyze much of the evidence on which aware of how truly precious they are to me.