Anatomy for Plastic Surgery of the Face, Head and Neck

241 Pages·2016·23.03 MB·English

by  Koichi Watanabe

Anato my fo r Plastic Surg e ry o f the
Face, He ad, and Ne ck
Koich i Watan abe, MD, Ph D
Assistant Professor
Departm ent of Anatomy
Kurum e University School of Medicine
Fukuoka-Prefecture, Japan
Moh am m adali M. Sh oja, MD
Research Scientist
Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery
Children’s Hospital
Birm ingham , Alabam a, USA
Marios Lou kas, MD, Ph D
Dean of Basic Sciences
Professor and Chair
Departm ent of Anatom ical Sciences
St. George’s University
Grenada, West Indies
R. Sh an e Tubbs, MS, PA-C, Ph D
Professor and Chief Scienti c O cer
Seattle Science Foundation
Seattle, Washington, USA
269 illustrations
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Names: Watanabe, Kåoichi, 1968– author. | Shoja,
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Mohammadali M., author. | Loukas, Marios, author. | Tubbs,
tion used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility.
R. Shane, author.
The authors and publishers request every user to report to the
Title: Anatomy for plastic surgery of the face, head, and neck /
publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in
Kåoichi Watanabe, Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas,
this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at
R. Shane Tubbs.
www.thieme.com on the product description page.
Description: New York : Thieme, [2016] | Includes
Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs
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referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or pro-
Identi ers: LCCN 2015031107| ISBN 9781626230910 (alk. paper)
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| ISBN 9781626230927 (eISBN)
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Subjects: | MESH: Head—anatomy & histology—Atlases. |
without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a
Neck—anatomy & histology—Atlases. | Reconstructive Surgical
representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.
Procedures—Atlases.
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Co nte nts
List of Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
1 Neurocranium and Facial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
David Kahn, Toomas Arusoo, and Eric J. Wright
2 Anterior Skull Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Surjith Vattoth and Philip R. Chapman
3 Middle Skull Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Philip R. Chapman and Surjith Vattoth
4 Soft Tissue of the Scalp and Temporal Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Noriyuki Koga
5 Arterial Supply of the Facial Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Nobuaki Imanishi
6 Arteries of the Face and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Yelda Atamaz Pinar, Figen Govsa, and Servet Celik
7 Veins of the Face and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Yusuke Shimizu
8 Facial Nerve and Temporal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
9 Peripheral Branches of the Facial Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Andrew P. Trussler
10 Sensory Nerves of the Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Ibrahim Khansa, Jenny C. Barker, and Jef rey E. Janis
11 Super cial Musculoaponeurotic System and the Facial Soft Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Yoko Tabira, Joe Iwanaga, Tsuyoshi Saga, and Koichi Watanabe
12 Mimetic Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Hee-Jin Kim
13 Orbital Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Swapna Vemuri and Jeremiah P. Tao
14 Orbital Soft Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Swapna Vemuri and Jeremiah P. Tao
15 Eyelid Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Catherine Y. Liu, Swapna Vemuri, and Jeremiah P. Tao
16 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Joe Iwanaga, Tsuyoshi Saga, and Koichi Watanabe
17 External Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Hideaki Rikimaru
18 Auricle and External Acoustic Meatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Noritaka Komune, Junichi Fukushima, and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr.
19 Mandible and Masticatory Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Kyung-Seok Hu and Yang Hun Mu
Contents
20 Oral Cavity and Pharynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Joe Iwanaga, Shinya Mikushi, and Haruka Tohara
21 Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Sherine S. Raveendran and Lucian Ion
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
vi
List o f Vide o s
Video 1. Facial muscles and facial nerve on the anterior face
Lower face
Middle face
Video 2. Dissection of the external nose
Muscles on the external nose
Bony and cartilaginous structure
Video 3. Main trunk of the facial nerve and its branches
Landmarks of the facial nerve trunk
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Video 4. Sensory nerves of the face
Supraorbital nerve
Infraorbital nerve
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Mental nerve
Video 5. Layers of the temporal region
Super cial temporal fascia
Deep temporal fascia
Temporalis muscle
vii

Pre face
This book was planned as a head and neck surgical anatomy dents have less time to study anatomy, given the many new elds
book for plastic surgeons, head and neck surgeons, and sur- of medicine that they are expected to be familiar with. Appar-
geons who practice in related elds. Unfortunately, few surgical ently, some medical schools no longer o er anatomical dissec-
textbooks emphasize anatomy, especially textbooks in the eld tion. Thus, not surprisingly, the number of anatomists, especially
of plastic surgery. In most surgical textbooks, the procedures gross anatomists, is decreasing. This tendency has critical, neg-
are described only in minute detail. Conversely, traditional an- ative implications for surgery. Gross anatomy is the basis of
atomical textbooks do not provide adequate information on knowledge for every surgeon. Surgeons must be experts in gross
the regional anatomy, preventing surgeons from obtaining the anatomy if they hope to acquire the surgical skills to become
knowledge necessary to expertly perform various surgical pro- experts in surgery.
cedures. One reason for this is that although the basic anatomy My second mentor, a specialist in plastic surgery, o ered the
of the human body was almost completely described more than following: The most important aspect of performing plastic sur-
100 years ago, the anatomy in the head and neck region, espe- gery is knowledge of three-dimensional regional anatomy. For
cially that applicable to plastic surgery, is still developing. Addi- example, each nerve and blood vessel takes up space three di-
tionally, anatomical textbooks often do not provide the most mensionally. It is important to recognize how these structures
up-to-date information. Therefore, we have attempted to in- travel on the surface plane, but it is more important for the
clude the latest anatomical understanding of the head and neck success of the actual surgery to know which tissue layers these
anatomy from a plastic surgeon’s perspective. structures run through. Anatomical atlases and textbooks pro-
In writing this preface, I (KW) discussed head and neck anat- vide detailed images of these structures, but the knowledge
omy with my mentors in two specialties: gross anatomy and gained from them is two-dimensional. Novice surgeons typi-
plastic surgery. This allowed me to consider anatomy from two cally memorize the two-dimensional image of their surgical
di erent viewpoints. eld. Because of this, surgical results are sometimes unsatisfac-
First, my mentor in gross anatomy made the following ob- tory, or unexpected surgical complications may occur. To per-
servations: The anatomy of the head and neck is extremely form surgeries with a high degree of di culty, a surgeon has to
complicated and the details di er among individuals and during be able to vividly visualize the three-dimensional regional anat-
di erent stages of life. These di erences include the thickness omy of the surgical eld. Plastic surgery residents have to study
of the tissues, their changes in response to aging, and even ana- the regional anatomy in anatomical atlases and textbooks, and
tomical variations in vessels, nerves, and muscles. Each organ in con rm their anatomical knowledge in practical operations.
the head and neck region has a very distinct function. Conse- By repeating this pattern many times, a resident is able to es-
quently, pathologies involving the head that require surgery tablish and practice three-dimensional anatomical knowledge.
will be operated on by surgeons specializing in neurosurgery, By having surgical training based on accurate anatomical knowl-
otorhinopharyngolaryngology, ophthalmology, dental medicine, edge, a surgeon will be better equipped to perform high-degree
and plastic surgery. While in-depth knowledge in the anatomi- operations.
cal area of specialization is extremely important in treating pa- We hope that our textbook will not only help to improve the
tients, the surgeon as well as the medical sta must also be surgical skill of individual surgeons, but will also promote the
highly familiar with not just related regions of the body but also development of head and neck surgery. I would like to thank
with unrelated regions. In medical education, unfortunately, the Dr. Koh-ichi Yamaki, Professor of Anatomy, and Dr. Kensuke
importance of anatomical education has been downplayed glob- Kiyokawa, Professor of Plastic Surgery, for kindly contributing
ally in recent years. This may be because nowadays medical stu- the above comments to the preface.
ix