Anatomy and Physiology with Integrated Study Guide

577 Pages·2015·97.78 MB·English

by  Stanley Gunstream

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Gunstream’s

Anatomy
&
Physiology
With Integrated Study Guide
Jason LaPres
Beth Kersten
Yong Tang
SIXTH EDITION
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GUNSTREAM’S ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: WITH INTEGRATED STUDY GUIDE, SIXTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2013, 2010, and
2006. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in
a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but
not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kersten, Beth.
Gunstream’s anatomy & physiology : with integrated study guide / Beth Kersten, State College of
Florida, Jason LaPres, Lone Star Community College-North Harris, Yong Tang, Front Range Community
College.—Sixth edition.
pages cm
title: Anatomy & physiology : with integrated study guide
title: Anatomy and physiology : with integrated study guide
ISBN 978-0-07-809729-4 (alk. paper)
1.Human physiology—Textbooks. 2. Human physiology—Study guides. 3. Human anatomy—Textbooks.
4.Human anatomy—Study guides. I. LaPres, Jason. II. Tang, Yong (Teacher of human anatomy & physiology) III.
Gunstream, Stanley E. Anatomy & physiology. IV. Title. V. Title: Anatomy & physiology : with integrated
study guide. VI. Title: Anatomy and physiology : with integrated study guide.
QP34.5.G85 2016
612—dc23
2014026221
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education
does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
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A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S
Jason LaPres Beth Kersten Yong Tang
Lone Star College-North Harris State College of Florida Front Range Community College
Jason LaPres received his Master’s of Health Beth Ann Kersten is a tenured professor at Dr. Tang is an Izaak Walton Killam scholar.
Science degree with an emphasis in Anatomy the State College of Florida (SCF). Though her He received his M.Sc. in Anatomy and Ph.D.
and Physiology from Grand Valley State primary teaching responsibilities are currently in Physiology from Dalhousie University. He
University in Allendale, Michigan focused on Anatomy and Physiology I and II, she has also received post-doctoral training at the
Over the past 12 years, Jason has had the has experience teaching comparative anatomy, University of British Columbia and physical
good fortune to be associated with a number histology, developmental biology, and non-major therapy training at Dalhousie University. Dr.
of colleagues who have mentored him, helped human biology. She authors a custom A&P I Tang had taught a wide variety of biology
increase his skills, and trusted him with the laboratory manual for SCF and sponsors a book courses at Dalhousie University, Saint Mary’s
responsibility of teaching students who will scholarship for students enrolled in health University, Northeastern Illinois University, and
be caring for others. Jason began his career in science programs. She coordinates a peer tutoring University of Colorado at Boulder. He is currently
Michigan, where from 2001-2003 he taught program for A&P and is working to extend SCF’s a biology professor at Front Range Community
as an adjunct at Henry Ford Community STEM initiative to local elementary schools. Beth College, where he teaches Human Anatomy and
College, Schoolcraft College, and Wayne County employs a learning style specifi c approach to Physiology, Human Biology, and Pathophysiology.
Community College, all in the Detroit area. guide students in the development of study skills His research interest focuses on comparative
Additionally, at that time he taught high school focused on their learning strengths, in addition physiology, particularly, the exercise physiology
chemistry and physics at Detroit Charter High to improving other student skills such as time of animals. He has authored many research
School. Jason is currently Director of The Honors management and note taking. She graduated articles in scientifi c journals including Journal of
College and Professor of Biology at Lone Star with a PhD from Temple University where Experimental Biology and American Journal of
College-University Park in Houston, Texas. He has her research focused on neurodevelopment Physiology. He is also very active in developing
been with LSC since 2003. In his c apacity with in zebrafi sh. Her post-doctoral research at the teaching and learning materials and has written
LSC he has served as Faculty Senate President Wadsworth Research Center focused on the numerous ancillaries of Anatomy and Physiology
for two of the six LSC campuses. His academic response of rat nervous tissue to the implantation textbooks.
background is diverse and, although his primary of neural prosthetic devices. At Saint Vincent
teaching load is in the Human Anatomy and College, she supervised senior research projects
Physiology program, he has also taught classes on subjects such as the effects of retinoic acid
in Pathophysiology and mentored several Honor on heart development in zebrafi sh and the
Projects. ability of vitamin B12 supplements to regulate
Prior to authoring this textbook, Jason produced PMS symptoms in ovariectomized mice. Beth
dozens of textbook supplements and online also maintains memberships in the Society
resources for many other Anatomy and Physiology for Neuroscience and the Human Anatomy &
textbooks. Physiology Society.
Beth currently lives in North Port FL with her
husband John and daughter Melanie. As former
Northerners, they greatly enjoy the ability to
swim almost year round both in their pool and in
the Gulf of Mexico.
iii
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C O N T E N T S
Preface vii 4.4 Nervous Tissue 83
4.5 Body Membranes 84
Chapter Summary 86
PART ONE
Self-Review 87
Organization of the Body 1 Critical Thinking 87
Additional Resources 87
(cid:2) CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to the Human Body 1
PART TWO
Chapter Outline 1
Selected Key Terms 2 Covering, Support, and
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Movement of the Body 88
1.2 Levels of Organization 2
1.3 Directional Terms 6 (cid:2) CHAPTER FIVE
1.4 Body Regions 6 Integumentary System 88
1.5 Body Planes and Sections 6 Chapter Outline 88
1.6 Body Cavities 9 Selected Key Terms 89
1.7 Abdominopelvic Subdivisions 13 5.1 Functions of the Skin 89
1.8 Maintenance of Life 13 5.2 Structure of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 89
Chapter Summary 17
5.3 Skin Color 93
Self-Review 18
5.4 Accessory Structures 94
Critical Thinking 18
5.5 Temperature Regulation 97
Additional Resources 18
5.6 Aging of the Skin 99
(cid:2) CHAPTER TWO 5.7 Disorders of the Skin 100
Chapter Summary 101
Chemicals of Life 24
Self-Review 102
Chapter Outline 24
Critical Thinking 102
Selected Key Terms 25
Additional Resources 102
2.1 Atoms and Elements 25
2.2 Molecules and Compounds 28 (cid:2) CHAPTER SIX
2.3 Compounds Composing the Human Body 33 Skeletal System 103
Chapter Summary 46
Chapter Outline 103
Self-Review 47
Selected Key Terms 104
Critical Thinking 48
6.1 Functions of the Skeletal System 104
Additional Resources 48
6.2 Bone Structure 104
(cid:2) CHAPTER THREE 6.3 Bone Formation 106
Cell 49 6.4 Divisions of the Skeleton 109
6.5 Axial Skeleton 109
Chapter Outline 49
6.6 Appendicular Skeleton 120
Selected Key Terms 50
6.7 Articulations 125
3.1 Cell Structure 50
6.8 Disorders of the Skeletal System 127
3.2 Transport Across Plasma Membranes 56
Chapter Summary 132
3.3 Cellular Respiration 60
Self-Review 134
3.4 Protein Synthesis 61
Critical Thinking 134
3.5 Cell Division 63
Chapter Summary 66 Additional Resources 134
Self-Review 68
(cid:2) CHAPTER SEVEN
Critical Thinking 68
Muscular System 135
Additional Resources 68
Chapter Outline 135
(cid:2) CHAPTER FOUR
Selected Key Terms 136
Tissues and Membranes 69 7.1 Structure of Skeletal Muscle 137
Chapter Outline 69 7.2 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction 141
Selected Key Terms 70 7.3 Actions of Skeletal Muscles 147
4.1 Epithelial Tissues 70 7.4 Naming of Muscles 147
4.2 Connective Tissues 75 7.5 Major Skeletal Muscles 147
4.3 Muscle Tissues 81 7.6 Disorders of the Muscular System 157
iv
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Contents v
Chapter Summary 159 PART FOUR
Self-Review 161
Maintenance of the Body 240
Critical Thinking 161
Additional Resources 161 (cid:2) CHAPTER ELEVEN
Blood 240
PART THREE Chapter Outline 240
Selected Key Terms 241
Integration and Control 162
11.1 General Characteristics of Blood 241
(cid:2) CHAPTER EIGHT 11.2 Red Blood Cells 242
Nervous System 162 11.3 White Blood Cells 244
11.4 Platelets 248
Chapter Outline 162
11.5 Plasma 248
Selected Key Terms 163
11.6 Hemostasis 249
8.1 Divisions of the Nervous System 163
11.7 Human Blood Types 251
8.2 Nervous Tissue 164
11.8 Disorders of the Blood 255
8.3 Neuron Physiology 167
Chapter Summary 256
8.4 Protection for the Central Nervous System 172 Self-Review 257
8.5 Brain 173 Critical Thinking 257
8.6 Spinal Cord 179 Additional Resources 257
8.7 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 181
(cid:2) CHAPTER TWELVE
8.8 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 185
8.9 Disorders of the Nervous System 189 The Cardiovascular System 258
Chapter Summary 191 Chapter Outline 258
Self-Review 193 Selected Key Terms 259
Critical Thinking 193 12.1 Anatomy of the Heart 259
Additional Resources 193 12.2 Cardiac Cycle 266
12.3 Heart Conduction System 267
(cid:2) CHAPTER NINE
12.4 Regulation of Heart Function 268
Senses 194 12.5 Types of Blood Vessels 270
Chapter Outline 194 12.6 Blood Flow 273
Selected Key Terms 195 12.7 Blood Pressure 274
9.1 Sensations 195 12.8 Circulation Pathways 276
12.9 Systemic Arteries 276
9.2 General Senses 196
12.10 Systemic Veins 281
9.3 Special Senses 198
12.11 Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels 286
9.4 Disorders of The Special Senses 214
Chapter Summary 287
Chapter Summary 216
Self-Review 289
Self-Review 217
Critical Thinking 289
Critical Thinking 218
Additional Resources 289
Additional Resources 218
(cid:2) CHAPTER THIRTEEN
(cid:2) CHAPTER TEN
Lymphoid System and
Endocrine System 219
Defenses Against Disease 290
Chapter Outline 219
Chapter Outline 290
Selected Key Terms 220
Selected Key Terms 291
10.1 The Chemical Nature of Hormones 220
13.1 Lymph and Lymphatic Vessels 291
10.2 Pituitary Gland 224
13.2 Lymphoid Organs 292
10.3 Thyroid Gland 228
13.3 Lymphoid Tissues 295
10.4 Parathyroid Glands 230
13.4 Nonspecific Resistance 297
10.5 Adrenal Glands 230
13.5 Immunity 299
10.6 Pancreas 233
13.6 Immune Responses 302
10.7 Gonads 236 13.7 Rejection of Organ Transplants 304
10.8 Other Endocrine Glands and Tissues 237 13.8 Disorders of the Lymphoid System 304
Chapter Summary 237 Chapter Summary 306
Self-Review 239 Self-Review 307
Critical Thinking 239 Critical Thinking 307
Additional Resources 239 Additional Resources 307
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vi Contents
(cid:2) CHAPTER FOURTEEN PART FIVE
Respiratory System 308
Reproduction 374
Chapter Outline 308
(cid:2) CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Selected Key Terms 309
14.1 Structures of the Respiratory System 309 Reproductive Systems 374
14.2 Breathing 315 Chapter Outline 374
14.3 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 316 Selected Key Terms 375
14.4 Control of Breathing 318 17.1 Male Reproductive System 375
14.5 Factors Influencing Breathing 319 17.2 Male Sexual Response 382
14.6 Gas Exchange 320 17.3 Hormonal Control of Reproduction in Males 382
14.7 Transport of Respiratory Gases 321 17.4 Female Reproductive System 384
14.8 Disorders of the Respiratory System 322 17.5 Female Sexual Response 389
Chapter Summary 324 17.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
Self-Review 325 in Females 389
Critical Thinking 325 17.7 Mammary Glands 392
Additional Resources 325 17.8 Birth Control 393
17.9 Disorders of the Reproductive Systems 396
(cid:2) CHAPTER FIFTEEN Chapter Summary 397
Digestive System 326 Self-Review 399
Chapter Outline 326 Critical Thinking 399
Selected Key Terms 327 Additional Resources 399
15.1 Digestion: An Overview 327
(cid:2) CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
15.2 Alimentary Canal: General
Development, Pregnancy,
Characteristics 327
and Genetics 400
15.3 Mouth 330
15.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 333 Chapter Outline 400
Selected Key Terms 401
15.5 Stomach 334
18.1 Fertilization and Early Development 401
15.6 Pancreas 336
18.2 Embryonic Development 403
15.7 Liver 338
18.3 Fetal Development 406
15.8 Small Intestine 340
18.4 Hormonal Control of Pregnancy 407
15.9 Large Intestine 344
18.5 Birth 409
15.10 Nutrients: Sources and Uses 345
18.6 Cardiovascular Adaptations 410
15.11 Disorders of the Digestive System 350
18.7 Lactation 413
Chapter Summary 352
18.8 Disorders of Pregnancy, Prenatal
Self-Review 354
Development, and Postnatal Development 413
Critical Thinking 354
18.9 Genetics 414
Additional Resources 354
18.10 Inherited Diseases 418
(cid:2) CHAPTER SIXTEEN Chapter Summary 419
Urinary System 355 Self-Review 421
Critical Thinking 421
Chapter Outline 355
Additional Resources 421
Selected Key Terms 356
16.1 Functions of the Urinary System 356
PART SIX
16.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 357
16.3 Urine Formation 360 Study Guides 422
16.4 Excretion of Urine 366
Appendices
16.5 Maintenance of Blood Plasma
Composition 368 A Keys to Medical Terminology 531
16.6 Disorders of the Urinary System 371
B Answers to Self-Review Questions 536
Chapter Summary 372
Glossary 538
Self-Review 373
Critical Thinking 373 Photo/Line Art Credits 553
Additional Resources 373 Index 554
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PREFACE
GUNSTREAM’S A NATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WITH INTEGRATED usage. A phonetic pronunciation follows for students who need
STUDY GUIDE,  Sixth Edition, is designed for students who are enrolled help in pronouncing the term. Experience has shown that
in a one-semester course in human anatomy and physiology. The scope, students learn only terms that they can pronounce.
organization, writing style, depth of presentation, and pedagogical 3. Keys to Medical Terminology in appendix A explains how
aspects of the text have been tailored to meet the needs of students technical terms are structured and provides a list of prefixes,
preparing for a career in one of the allied health professions. suffixes, and root words to further aid an understanding of
These students usually have diverse backgrounds, including medical terminology.
limited exposure to biology and chemistry, and this presents a for- Figures and Tables
midable challenge to the instructor. To help meet this challenge, this
Over 350 high quality, full-color illustrations are coordinated with the
text is written in clear, concise English and simplifies the complexi-
text to help students visualize anatomical features and physiological
ties of anatomy and physiology in ways that enhance understanding
concepts. Tables are used throughout to summarize information in a
without diluting the essential subject matter.
way that is more easily learned by students.
Themes
Clinical Insight
There are two unifying themes in this presentation of normal human Numerous boxes containing related clinical information are strate-
anatomy and physiology: (1) the relationships between structure and gically placed throughout the text. They serve to provide interest-
function of body parts, and (2) the mechanisms of homeostasis. In ing and useful information related to the topic at hand. The Clinical
addition, interrelationships of the organ systems are noted where Insight boxes are identified by a medical cross for easy recognition.
appropriate and useful.
Check My Understanding
Organization
Review questions at the end of major sections challenge students to
The sequence of chapters progresses from simple to complex. The simple- assess their understanding before proceeding.
to-complex progression is also used within each chapter. Chapters
Chapter Summary
covering an organ system begin with anatomy to ensure that students
are well prepared to understand the physiology that follows. Each organ The summary is conveniently linked by section while it briefly states
system chapter concludes with a brief consideration of common dis- the important facts and concepts covered in each chapter.
orders that the student may encounter in the clinical setting. An inte-
Self-Review
grated study guide, unique among anatomy and physiology texts, is
located between the text proper and the appendices. A brief quiz, composed of completion questions, allows students to
evaluate their understanding of chapter topics. Answers are provided
Study Guide in appendix B for immediate feedback.
The S tudy Guide is a proven mechanism for enhancing learning by Critical Thinking
students and features full-color line art. There is a study guide of four
Each chapter concludes with several critical thinking questions, which
to nine pages for each chapter. Students demonstrate their under-
further challenge students to apply their understanding of key chapter
standing of the chapter by labeling diagrams and answering comple-
topics.
tion, matching, and true/false questions. The completion questions
“compel” students to write and spell correctly the technical terms Changes in the Sixth Edition
that they must know. Each chapter study guide concludes with a few
The sixth edition has been substantially improved to help beginning
critical-thinking, short-answer essay questions where students apply
students understand the basics of human a natomy and physiology.
their knowledge to clinical situations.
Many of the changes are based on reviewer feedback.
Answers to the Study Guide are included in the I nstructor’s
Manual to allow the instructor flexibility: (1) answers may be posted Global Changes
so students can check their own responses, or (2) they may be graded
• Added chapter opening vignette and chapter outline.
to assess student progress. Either way, prompt feedback to students is
• Updated terminology based on Terminologia Anatomica (TA),
most effective in maximizing learning.
Terminologia Histologica (TH) and Terminologia Embryologica (TE).
Chapter Opener and Learning Objectives • Revised selected key terms lists to include most relevant terms.
• Revised learning objectives that have been moved from the
Each chapter begins with a list of major topics discussed in the chap-
chapter outline to the beginning of major sections.
ter along with an opening vignette and image, which introduces and
• Revised self-review and critical thinking questions.
relates the content theme of the chapter. Under each section header
• Revised study guides to match chapter content changes.
within every chapter, the learning objectives are noted. This informs
• Updated the art throughout for a more vibrant and consistent
students of the major topics to be covered and their minimal learning
style.
responsibilities.
CHAPTER 1
Key Terms
• Revised planes and sections for clarity, terminology, and
Several features have been incorporated to assist students in learning
inclusion of “longitudinal section” and “cross-section.”
the necessary technical terms that often are troublesome for begin-
• Updated and revised homeostasis discussion.
ning students.
• Added figures 1.7 and 1.8 (serous membranes),
1. A list of S elected Key Terms with definitions, and including 1.14 ( positive-feedback mechanism), and four figures
derivations where helpful, is provided at the beginning of the illustrating negative-feedback mechanisms.
chapter to inform students of some of the key terms to watch
CHAPTER 2
for in the chapter.
2. Throughout the text, key terms are in bold or italic type for • Added Figure 2.1 containing the periodic table with the
easy recognition, and they are defined at the time of first 12 most abundant elements in humans.
vii
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viii Preface
• Added eight figures illustrating challenging chemical movements at freely movable joints), 6.28 (herniated disc),
concepts. and 6.29 (abnormal spinal curvatures).
• Revised and expanded chemical formula discussion. • Added the images of cleft palate, cleft lip, and hip joint
• Revised chemical bond discussion to include the difference prosthesis to the Clinical Insight boxes.
between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds and an updated • Revised the section on endochondral ossification and the
description of hydrogen bonds. section on freely movable joints.
• Revised section describing water, solutes, and s olvents, and
CHAPTER 7
their importance in physiology.
• Added the respiratory mechanism and renal mechanism to the • Revised discussion of the connective tissues a ssociated with
section on buffers. muscles for clarity and accuracy.
• Added descriptions of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis to • Expanded discussion of myofilament structure to clarify the
the beginning of the organic compound section. changes that occur during muscle contraction.
• Updated discussion of protein structure to include primary • Updated discussion on the mechanism of contraction and
through quaternary levels of structure. included a numbered list of steps that is integrated with a
new figure 7.6 of the contraction cycle and sliding filament
CHAPTER 3
model.
• Revised the definitions of cytoplasm, osmosis, hypertonic • Updated figure 7.7 on energy sources so that it better matches
solution, hypotonic solution, and isotonic solution. the chemistry in chapter 2.
• Added the definitions of cytosol, simple diffusion, f acilitated • Added figures 7.10 (motor units) and 7.11 (origins and
diffusion, channel-mediated diffusion, carrier-mediated insertions).
diffusion, and facilitated transport.
CHAPTER 8
• Modified all the figures focusing on cell structure and
transport mechanisms across plasma membranes. • Added section on the Membrane Potential, which describes
• Added figures 3.10 (diffusion), 3.13 (carrier-mediated active the resting membrane potential, why it exists, and the role of
transport), and 3.14b (exocytosis). the Na + /K + pump in maintaining it.
• Revised the paragraph on carrier-mediated active transport. • Added figures 8.7 (resting membrane potential and Na+/
K+ pump) and 8.8 (steps involved in depolarization and
CHAPTER 4
repolarization).
• Added figures 4.1 (epithelial cell shapes) and 4.2 (c lassification • Revised the section on Nerve Impulse Formation and
of epithelial tissues based on number of cell layers). Repolarization to improve anatomical and physiological accuracy,
• Revised the connective tissue section of the chapter to including the actual voltage changes that occur during each
include loose connective tissues (areolar, adipose, and process.
reticular) and dense connective tissues (dense regular, dense • Added a section on the hypothalamus, which includes the
irregular, and elastic), with new figures demonstrating pineal gland and the hormone melatonin.
reticular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissues. • Added a paragraph describing the functions of cerebrospinal
• Removed Tables 4.1 through 4.3 because of redundancy with fluid.
chapter text and expanded figure legends. • Added the four major branches of a spinal nerve and what they
• Added figure 4.24 on body membranes. innervate to improve the understanding of how the anterior
rami either form plexuses or intercostal nerves.
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 9
• Added a discussion of the organization of the epidermis
that includes all five layers of the epidermis and updated • Added “Pressure, Touch, and Stretch” section that focuses on
information on the cell death occurring within the epidermis. the various types of mechanoreceptors. Receptors included
• Updated temperature regulation function of the skin to in this section are lamellated corpuscles, free nerve endings,
reflect the adjustments in blood flow within the skin as the hair root plexuses, tactile corpuscles, tactile discs and tactile
primary methods of cooling the body and conserving heat. cells, baroreceptors, and proprioceptors (muscle spindles and
• Revised discussion on melanocytes to provide a better tendon organs).
description of melanocyte distribution and factors affecting • Added a section on Chemoreceptors.
rates of melanin production. • Added a paragraph discussing the number of different
• Added figures 5.2 (illustrating the organization of the olfactory receptors in humans, the average number of odors
epidermis), 5.3 (comparison of thin and thick skin), and 5.4 detectable by a human, gender differences in odor detection,
(illustrating epidermal ridges forming the fingerprint pattern). olfactory training, the effects of age on odor detection, the
• Updated the eccrine sweat gland discussion to include its detection of human p heromones, and olfactory epithelium
protective abilities. regeneration.
• Added a discussion of common disorders associated with the
CHAPTER 6 senses of taste and smell.
• Modified all the figures of long bone structures, axial skeleton, • Added a Clinical Insight box on Age-Related Macular
and appendicular skeleton. Degeneration with figures.
• Added figures 6.1 (basic types of bones), 6.7 (surface f eatures
CHAPTER 10
of bones), 6.8b (superior view of skull), 6.12b (superior
view of skull floor), 6.13 (hyoid bone), 6.16 (general • Added figures 10.1 (exocrine and endocrine secretions),
structure of v ertebrae), 6.17c (articulation between atlas 10.2 (mechanisms of chemical signaling), 10.6 (control of
and axis), 6.19b (articulation between a rib and a vertebra), hormone secretions), 10.7 (pituitary gland hormones and their
6.22 (male and female pelves), 6.24 (types of joints), target organs), 10.10 (hormonal control of blood calcium
6.25 (types of freely movable joints.), 6.26 (c ommon levels), and 10.13 (hormonal control of blood glucose levels).
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Preface ix
• Created figure 10.4 with numbered steps by combining CHAPTER 15
figures depicting steroid versus non-steroid mechanisms of
• Revised “Structure” of the stomach section to include the
action from previous edition.
anatomic specializations of the stomach that accommodate
• Revised and reorganized section on control of hormone
the unique functions of the stomach.
secretion.
• Updated the description of lipid absorption in the small
• Revised section on the role of parathyroid hormone in
intestine for content accuracy.
controlling blood calcium levels, including the addition of
• Added figure 15.17 to demonstrate the revised description of
the actions of vitamin D.
lipid absorption in the small intestine.
• Updated text to reflect that the cellular respiration of one
CHAPTER 11
molecule of glucose yields between 36-38 ATP. The text revision
• Revised figures 11.3 (regulation of erythropoiesis), explains that electron transport chain can yield between 32 to
11.4 ( development of formed elements), and 34 ATP, depending upon the cell in which it occurs.
11.10 (compatibility of blood types). • Added a section entitled “My Plate: A Visual Guide to Healthy
• Added figures 11.1b (blood smear), 11.6 (hemostasis), and Eating,” with corresponding My Plate figure.
11.9 (HDN).
• Added Clinical Insight boxes on jaundice, HDL, and LDL. CHAPTER 16
• Revised the paragraphs on platelets, globulins, nitrogenous • Reordered and revised discussion of the functions of the
wastes, general discussion of blood types, and ABO blood urinary system as the first section in the chapter.
group. • Revised the urine formation discussion to include four steps:
• Added a section of “Compatibility of Blood Types for glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion,
Transfusions.” and water conservation.
• Revised figure 16.8 on proximal convoluted tubule f unctions
CHAPTER 12
to include both reabsorption and secretion.
• Revised figures 12.7 (systemic and pulmonary circuits), • Added figure 16.9 summarizing the functions of the nephron
12.11 (neural control of heart), 12.15 (systemic blood loop, DCT, and collecting duct, including hormonal controls.
pressure), and 12.17 (locations of pulse). • Expanded the acid-base balance section to include r espiratory
• Added figures 12.12c (capillary wall), 12.18b (a rteries of thoracic and renal mechanisms.
cage), 12.23 (veins of thoracic cage), 12.24a (veins of hepatic
portal system), and 12.24b (veins of abdominopelvic cavity). CHAPTER 17
• Revised the definitions of cardiac cycle, systole, diastole, • Revised figures 17.2 (testis and s permatogenesis), 17.4a (sperm),
stroke volume, and blood pressure. 17.6 (hormonal control of spermatogenesis and testosterone
• Revised the discussion of autonomic regulation of heart to secretion), and 17.8b (ovarian follicular development).
include sensory information received from chemoreceptors. • Added figures 17.5 (male reproductive organs), 17.8a (ovary),
• Revised the descriptions of the structure of capillaries, factors 17.13 (hormonal control of the ovarian cycle), and 17.15a
affecting blood pressure, and hepatic portal system. ( cervical cap).
• Moved “Flow of Blood Through the Heart” and “Blood Supply • Added the definitions of ovarian follicles, granulosa cells, and
to the Heart” to the “Anatomy of Heart” section. tertiary ovarian follicles.
• Revised the definitions of primary, secondary, and mature
CHAPTER 13
ovarian follicles.
• Revised the first half of the chapter into a new section called • Revised the descriptions of the hormonal control of reproduction
“Lymph and Lymphatic Vessels”, which includes information in males and females, oogenesis, and the female sexual response.
from the “Lymph,” “Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels,” and • Added the discussions of random alignment of homologous
“Transport of Lymph” sections in the previous edition.” chromosomes and recombination in spermatogenesis and
• Revised discussion of lymphoid organs to differentiate primary oogenesis, bulbs of vestibule, benign prostatic hyperplasia,
and secondary lymphoid organs. prostate cancer, and testicular cancer.
• Updated the functions of chemical defenses to include
CHAPTER 18
complement fixation.
• Improved the accuracy and progression in figure 13.8 showing • Moved the Hormonal Control of Pregnancy to follow Fetal
the development of lymphocytes. Development.
• Updated the “Types of Immunity” section to better define the • Added additional structures formed by the ectoderm,
types and include more relevant examples. mesoderm, and endoderm to Table 18.1.
• Updated the functions of the hormone relaxin to match what
CHAPTER 14
is known in humans.
• Revised figures 14.1 (organization of respiratory system and • Revised the detailed description of the neuroendocrine
upper respiratory tract), 14.4 (lower respiratory tract), positive-feedback mechanism promoting labor contractions for
14.5 (bronchioles and alveoli), 14.7 (mechanisms of breathing), clarity and flow.
and 14.9 (control of respiration). • Revised the Clinical Insight box on oxytocin to include
• Added figures 14.6 (respiratory muscles) and 14.11 (exchange Pitocin and its clinical uses.
and transport of O and CO ). • Updated the inheritance section of the text to include new
2 2
• Revised the definitions of external respiration, internal sections on Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and
respiration, upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, Polygenic Inheritance.
and bronchial tree. • Reorganized the inheritance section to improve content
• Revised the descriptions of mechanism of inspiration and the flow by placing the X-Linked Traits section and Table 18.5
chemical factors influencing breathing. immediately after polygenic inheritance.
• Added a paragraph on irritant reflexes. • Removed several Clinical Insight boxes.
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