Anatomy and physiology of farm animals

535 Pages·2009·25.663 MB·English

by  R D Frandson, W Lee Wilke, Anna Dee Fails

SEVENTH EDITION
Anatomy and
Physiology of
Farm Animals
Rowen D. Frandson
W. Lee Wilke
Anna Dee Fails
A N A T O M Y A N D P H Y S I O L O G Y O F
Farm Animals
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
A N A T O M Y A N D P H Y S I O L O G Y O F
Farm Animals
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Rowen D. Frandson, BS, DVM, MS
Professor Emeritus, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
W. Lee Wilke, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor Emeritus, Department of Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Anna Dee Fails, DVM, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Services
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Seventh Edition fi rst published 2009
© 2009 Wiley-Blackwell
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ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1394-3/2009.
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First Edition, 1965, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Second Edition, 1974, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Third Edition, 1981, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Fourth Edition, 1986, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Fifth Edition, 1992, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sixth Edition, 2003, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wilke, W. Lee.
Anatomy and physiology of farm animals / W. Lee Wilke, Anna Dee Fails, R.D. Frandson. – 7th ed.
p. ; cm.
R.D. Frandson’s name appears fi rst on the 6th ed.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1394-3 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8138-1394-8 (alk. paper)
1. Veterinary anatomy. 2. Veterinary physiology. I. Fails, Anna Dee. II. Frandson, R. D. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Anatomy, Veterinary. 2. Animals, Domestic–physiology. SF 761 W681a 2009]
SF761.F8 2009
636.089′2–dc22
2008051665
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
Set in 10.5/12pt Berkeley by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Singapore
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1 2009
T
o Zelda, Eric, Stephanie and Mark
—R.D.F.
T
o M.W. Poore
—A.D.F.
T
o Aline and Willard
—W.L.W.

T C
ABLE OF ONTENTS
Preface xi Chapter 3
Acknowledgments xiii
Embryology 51
Development of Germ Layers 52
Chapter 1
Neurulation 53
Introduction to Anatomy and Differentiation of Other Tissues 54
Physiology 3
Descriptive Terms Useful in the Study of Chapter 4
Anatomy 5
The Skeletal System 59
Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and
Functions of Bones 59
Tissues 7
Terminology 62
The General Plan of the Animal Body 14
Classifi cation of Bones According to Gross
Appearance 64
Chapter 2 Axial Skeleton 64
Appendicular Skeleton 71
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Cell 17
Chapter 5
Properties of Life 18
Chemical Composition of the Cell 19 Microscopic Anatomy and Growth and
Microscopic Study of the Cell 25 Development of Bone 77
The Cell Membrane 28 Microscopic Anatomy and Formation of
Transport Across Cell Membranes 31 Bone 77
Membrane Potentials and Excitable Ossifi cation 80
Cells 36 Physiology of Bone 82
Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Fractures and Fracture Healing 83
Signaling 38 Other Pathologic Conditions 85
Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles 39
Nucleus 42
Chapter 6
Cell Division 48
Joints 87
Regulation of Cell Growth and
Replication 50 Classifi cation of Joints 87
vii
viii / ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS
Movements of Joints 90 Chapter 11
Types of Synovial Joints 91
Sense Organs 185
Joints of the Axial Skeleton 92
Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton 92 Sensory Receptors 186
Pathology of Joints and Related Somatosensation 187
Structures 101 Visceral Sensations 189
Chemical Senses 190
Hearing and Balance 192
Chapter 7
Vision 199
Anatomy of the Muscular System 105
Types of Muscle Tissue 105 Chapter 12
Functions of the Muscular System 106
Endocrinology 207
Skeletal Muscle Organization 106
Muscles of the Thoracic Limb 113 Hormones and Their Receptors 208
Muscles of the Pelvic Limb 120 Cellular Effects of Peptide Hormones 211
Muscles of the Head 126 Cellular Effects of Steroid and Thyroid
Muscles of the Trunk and Neck 127 Hormones 212
Negative and Positive Feedback
Regulation 212
Chapter 8
Hypothalamopituitary Axis 213
Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology Hormones of the Neurohypophysis 215
of Muscle 131 Hormones of the Adenohypophysis 215
Other Endocrine Glands 220
Skeletal Muscle 131
Smooth Muscle 142
Cardiac Muscle 146 Chapter 13
The Integument 223
Chapter 9
Integument 223
Anatomy of the Nervous System 149 Skin 223
Adnexa of the Skin 226
Microscopic Neuroanatomy 151
Modifi ed Epidermis 228
Embryology 153
Coat Color in Horses 233
Central Nervous System 156
Wool 234
Peripheral Nervous System 164
Autonomic Nervous System 169
Enteric Nervous System 171 Chapter 14
The Equine Foot and Passive Stay
Chapter 10 Apparatus 237
Physiology of the Nervous Structure of the Foot 238
System 173 Function 249
Stay Apparatus 250
Physiology of the Nerve Impulse 173
Synaptic Transmission 175
Neurotransmitters 177
Chapter 15
Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle 177
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous Blood and Other Body Fluids 257
System 181 Blood 257
Regeneration and Repair in the Nervous Plasma and Serum 265
System 184 Blood pH 266
TABLE OF CONTENTS / ix
Hemostasis and Coagulation 266 Chapter 19
Lymph 269
The Respiratory System 317
Serous Fluids 269
Upper Respiratory Tract 318
Thorax 325
Physiology of Respiration 328
Chapter 16
Body Defenses and the Immune
Chapter 20
System 271
Anatomy of the Digestive System 335
Nonspecifi c Defenses 272
Specifi c Immune Response 273 Organization of the Digestive System 335
B Lymphocytes 274 Mouth 337
Immunoglobulins 275 Pharynx 343
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 275 Esophagus 344
Lymphocyte Origin, Development, and Nonruminant Stomach 345
Residence 277 Ruminant Stomach 346
Active and Passive Immunities 277 Small Intestine 350
Immunological Surveillance 277 Large Intestine 354
Lymphatic System 278 Peritoneal Features 355
Accessory Digestive Organs 355
Chapter 17 Chapter 21
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular Physiology of Digestion 361
System 283 Pregastric Physiology 363
Heart 283 Ruminant Forestomach 365
Vessels 289 Gastric Physiology 367
Pulmonary Circulation 289 Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine
Systemic Circulation 291 Pancreas, and Liver 368
Veins 295 Physiology of the Cecum and Colon 373
Fetal Circulation 297 Rectum and Defecation 374
Chapter 22
Chapter 18 Nutrition and Metabolism 375
Physiology of the Heart and Nutrition 375
Circulation 301 Metabolism 376
Basic Design and Function of the
Cardiovascular System 301
Chapter 23
Cardiac Cycle 303
Electrical Activity of the Heart 306 The Urinary System 383
Cardiac Output and Its Regulation 308 Anatomy of the Kidney 383
Structure and Function of Blood Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra 387
Vessels 310 Micturition 388
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and Overview of Function and Histology of the
Blood Volume 312 Kidneys 389
Cardiovascular Function During Exercise and Glomerular Filtration 391
Hypovolemia 315 Proximal Tubule Transport 392