Anatolian Studies. Volume 12. 1962

260 Pages·2008·6.74 MB·English

ANATOLIAN
STUDIES
Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara
VOL. XII 1962
CONTENTS
Page
Council's Report and Financial Statement - - - - - - - - - 3
Summary of Archaeological Research in Turkey in 1961 - - - - - - 17
Excavations at Can Hasan, by D. H. French - - - - - - - - 27
Excavations at (atal HLiyiik, by James Mellaart - - - - - - - 41
The Chipped Stone Industry of (atal HUiyiik, by Perry A. Bialor - - - - 67
The Late Bronze Age Monuments of Eflatun Pinar and Fasillarn ear Bey?ehir, by James
Mellaart - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
St. John's Church, Ephesus, by H. Plommer - - - - - - - - 119
Some Byzantine Churches from the Pontus, by David Winfield and June Wainwright - 131
A Note on the South -eastern Borders of the Empire of Trebizond in the Thirteenth
Century, by David Winfield - - - - - - - - - - - 163
The Church of the Evangelists at Alahan, by Michael Gough - - - - - 173
Sites Old and New in Rough Cilicia, by G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford - - - 185
Published annually by
THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA
Room 114, RTB House, 151 Gower Street, London, W.C.1
Price ?3
NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
The titles of books and periodicals should be written in italics (in typing, under-
lined), the titles of articles in periodicals in Roman letters between quotation marks.
REFERENCES: The volume and date of a periodical and the publication date
of a book should both be cited in the first reference to it. The number of a volume
in a series should be written in capital Roman numerals.
TRANSCRIPTION: Modern Turkish place and personal names should always
be written in the current Turkish orthography. In typing, the dotless i should be
represented by I in the body of a word.
GREEK NAMES which have become established in English usage should be given
in the familiar English form (e.g., Ptolemy). Greek proper names which have
recognized Latin transliterations should be given in the latter form (e.g. Bceotia,
not Boiotia). Otherwise the Greek form should be used in referring to the Greek
period of occupation of places which were later Romanized (e.g. Taras; later
Tarentum).
ARABIC AND ALLIED ALPHABETS
at the beginning of word omit ; hamza elsewhere
b s
q
(cid:127),7
.--J
t (.;4 S k
;.
th
so
ht n,
hZ w or v
d
3z
Sdh ' h
r gh t or
vowels "a, ,i,
,u
lengthened ?-d, CT -, fi
diphthongs ay andt aw or ai and *f au respectively.
ILLUSTRATIONS: All line drawings, including maps, will appear as " Figures,"
numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals throughout each article. Photographs
reproduced as halftones or collotypes will appear as " Plates," numbered in capital
Roman numerals.
Authors receive 25 off-prints of their articles. Additional copies may be ordered
when the page proofs are returned at rates to be settled with the printers.
ANATOLIAN
STUDIES
of the British Institute of at Ankara
Journal Archaeology
VOL. XII 1962
CONTENTS
Page
Council's Report and FinancialS tatement - - - - - - - - - 3
Summaryo f Archaeological Research in Turkey in 1961 - - - - - - 17
Excavationsa t Can Hasan, by D. H. French - - - - - - - - 27
Excavationsa t ?atal Hiyiik, by James Mellaart - - - - - - - 41
The Chipped Stone Industryo f ?atal Htiyiik, by Perry A. Bialor - - - - 67
The Late Bronze Age Monuments of EflatunP inar and Fasillarn ear Bey?ehir, by James
Mellaart - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
St. John's Church, Ephesus,b y H. Plommer - - - - - - - - 119
Some Byzantine Churches from the Pontus, by David Winfield and June Wainwright - 131
A Note on the South-eastern Borders of the Empire of Trebizond in the Thirteenth
Century, by David Winfield - - - - - - - - - - - 163
The Church of the Evangelistsa t Alahan, by Michael Gough - - - - - 173
Sites Old and New in Rough Cilicia, by G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford - - - 185
Publisheda nnuallyb y
THE BRITISHI NSTITUTEO F ARCHAEOLOGYA T ANKARA
Room1 14, RTBH ouse,1 51 Gower Street, London,W .C.1
BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
AT ANKARA
COUNCIL OF MANAGEMENT, 30TH JUNE, 1962
PRESIDENT
THE HON. SIR STEVEN RUNCIMAN,L itt.D., LL.D., F.B.A.
VICE-PRESIDENTS
REPRESENTING
SIR HuoH BEAVERK, .B.E., LL.D., F.S.A., Chairman.
MICHAEL GRANT,E sq., C.B.E., Litt.D., F.S.A., Deputy Chairman. Royal Numismatic Society.
PROFESSOSRIR RONALD SYME,F .B.A.
MIss W. LAuD, Sc.D., F.S.A. .. .. .. .. .. British School of Archaeology at Athens.
SIR JAMESB OWKERG, .B.E., K.C.M.G.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL SIR OSBORNE MANCE, K.B.E., C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O.
R. D. BARNETr, Esq., Litt.D., F.S.A., Hon. Librarian .. .. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic
Studies.
HONORARY TREASURER
R. L. OoGGE, sq.
W. E. D. ALLEN, Esq., O.B.E., F.S.A.
C. A. BURNEYE, sq., M.A.
Sit GERARDC LAUSONK, .C.M.G., O.B.E. .. . . . Royal Asiatic Society.
PROFESSOPR. E. CORBETF.r. .. .. .. . .. University of London.
PROFESSORR. A. CROSSLANDM, .A.
PROFESSORC . J. GADD, C.B.E., F.B.A., F.S.A.
PROFESSOWR. J. GRIMEsC, .B.E., M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. .. Royal Anthropological Institute.
O. R. GURNEYE, sq., D.Phil., F.B.A., HonoraryE ditor .. .. University of Oxford.
DR. D. B. HARDENO, .B.E., F.S.A. .. .. .. .. Society for the Promotion of Roman
Studies.
Miss K. M. KENYONC, .B.E., D.Litt., F.B.A., F.S.A .. .. The British Academy.
GEOFFREYL . LEWis,E sQ., M.A., D.Phil.
SETON LLOYD, Esq., C.B.E., M.A., F.B.A., F.S.A., A R.I.B.A.
I. W. MACPHERSON,E sq., M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.
PROFESSORM . E. L. MALLOWAN, C.B.E., D.Litt., F.B.A., F.S.A. British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
MRS. K. R. MAXWELL-HYSLOP,F .S.A.
DR. C. S. MUNDY . . .. .. .. . .. School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London.
Miss J. M. MuNN-RANIKN, M.A., F.S.A ... .. .. .. University of Cambridge.
PROFESSOSRT UARTP Ioorr, F.B.A., F.S.A.
PROFESSORD . TALBOTR ICE, M.B.E., D.Litt., F.S.A .. .. University of Edinburgh.
PROFESSORJ . B. SEGAL, M.C., D.Phil.
DR. E. SOLLBERGO. ER . .. .. .. .. .. British Museum.
PROFESSODR. J. WISEMANO, .B.E.
DIRECTOR
M. R. E. GOUGH, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
SECRETARY
MRs. H. F. RUo(cid:127)o
LondonA ddress: 16, Bryanston Street, London, W. I. Telephone: WELbeck 1436.
AnkaraA ddress: Ingiliz Arkeoloji Enstittisii, Tahran Caddesi No. 25, Kavakhlldere,A nkara, Turkey.
Telephone : 25787.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF MANAGEMENT
AND OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1961
The year under review has brought many changes to the Institute and more are
foreshadowedf or the coming months. The new Director has successfullyn egotiated
with the landlord of our house at Ankara a contract to build an annexe which will
double the accommodation at present available, give a greatly enlarged library,
and an adequate flat for the Director and his family. The plans for a new Institute
building outlined in last year's Report had unfortunately to be abandoned for
various reasons outside our control and the present plan offers a reasonable solution
of the urgent problem of insufficient accommodation. Rent and running expenses
will be increased considerably, but the Council feel that the Institute must develop
in size and activity if it is to fulfil the promise of the past years. It is greatly hoped
that support will be forthcoming to this end.
Another change of importance is the raising of the minimum subscription for
the Journal from the beginning of 1962. This has been necessitated by the steeply
rising costs of printing and production. AnatolianS tudiesi s attracting ever more
attention, and with the slightly larger subscription and greater demand, we have
good hope that it will be really self-supporting during the coming year.
In the death of Mr. Francis Neilson at the advanced age of ninety-four, the
Institute has lost one of its most generous friends and patrons. Archaeology was
only one of his many interests; but since 1936 he none the less supported with
unflagging enthusiasma nd generosity first the work of ProfessorG arstang personally,
and later that of the Institute which he founded. We are happy to know that
before his death he made provision for the continuance of Mr. Mellaart's highly
promising excavations at Gatal Huyuik.
Short reports of the various archaeological expeditions under the auspices of
the Institute will be found on pages 5-9-
COUNCIL OF MANAGEMENT:
The Council has received with regret the resignation of Professor C. M.
Robertson, representing the University of London, on his taking up a new appoint-
ment at Oxford; Professor P. E. Corbett has been appointed the University's
representative in his place.
ProfessorD . J. Wiseman, who has represented the British Museum for the past
nine years has also resigned on his appointment to the School of Oriental and
African Studies, but it is much hoped that he will continue on the Council as an
Elected Member.
LECTURES :
Two lectures were held in London in 1961 at the Society of Antiquaries
Archaeologiyn Anatolia: SomeP roblemsa nd Prospectsb, y Mr. Michael Gough, on
the 20othJ anuary, 1961.
The Wall Paintings of Sancta Sophia at Trebizond, by Mr. David Winfield, on
the 3rd March, 1961.
LIBRARY :
The Library has been greatly enriched especially on the classical side during
the past year by the generous bequest of over one hundred books from the late
Sir William Calder's library. A considerable number of new books have been
bought, including a notable accession : Mommsen's CorpusI nscriptionumL atinarum,
Volume III, parts I and 2, and the Supplementump, arts I and 2. The volume and
supplement cover the whole of the Near and Middle East.
3
4 ANATOLIAN STUDIES
The Council gratefully acknowledges the following books and offprints presented
to the Library during the past year
From the Authors:
Gough, M. R. E., The Early Christians (London, I96i).
Lloyd, Seton, The Art qf the AncientN ear East (London, 1961).
From Dr. O. R. Gurney:
Holma, H., Omen Textsf rom Babylonian Tablets in the BM. I Texts (Leipzig, 1923).
From ProfessorD . Talbot Rice :
Kinglake, Eothen.
Ofprints of articles have beenr eceivedfr om thef ollowing authors:
Professors J. M. Cook and D. Talbot Rice ; from Drs. R. Amiran, D. Garrod
and D. Kilbride, and from Messrs. W. E. D. Allen, J. L. Caskey, S. Casson,
G. M. A. Hanfmann, J. Mellaart and A. Mozsolies.
ANKARA: THE YEAR'S WORK :
During 1961 no less than thirty-six senior members and registered students
have been employed in varied fields of research in Asia Minor. Of these, nearly
all made use of the hostel facilities and, consequently, our accommodation was
almost always fully occupied, especially between the beginning of July and the end
of September. In these circumstances the domestic staff deserve credit for its
uncomplaining acceptance of the extra work involved by the opening of the annexe
at 9 Tahran Caddesi. Apart from persons actively engaged in work in Turkey,
a few members and non-subscribers also spent short periods at the Institute, while
many visitors, both British and foreign, were entertained.
The scope of Institute members' activities was gratifyingly wide, ranging from
the prehistoric excavations at ?atal Hiyik and Can Hasan, to research into modern
Turkish carpet manufacture. Indeed, from April until October no month passed
without some considerable project in progress. In April and May, Professor and
Airs. David Talbot Rice carried out a sounding outside the walls of S. Sophia in
Trebizond, where Mr. David Winfield, under the auspices of the Russell Trust, was
engaged during the entire season on the cleaning and repair of important frescoes,
notably in the cupola and exonarthex. In May and June, two senior members
of the Institute, Mr. and Mrs. James AMIellaarint,i tiated a very successful first season
at Qatal Hiytik near Qumra, in the Konya Plain. The quality of the finds and the
extent of the site suggest that the excavation may continue for some years yet.
In the field of early Christian archaeology, the Institute excavation, also generously
supported by the Russell Trust and conducted by the Director, began at the site of
Alahan monastery in Isauria towards the end of July and lasted for six weeks.
Here, too, notably interesting discoveries were made. Finally, the Senior Fellow,
Mr. David French, assisted by Mrs. French and a staff of four, began in September
an excavation, partly under Institute subsidy, at the mound near Can Hasan, near
Karaman. Although somewhat delayed in obtaining all the necessary signatures
for the permit, and further pressed for time with the approach of changeable
weather, the expedition achieved a good initial success, and the site shows great
promise for the future. Reports on all these activities will be found below.
The work of individual members, registered as students during 1961 may be
summarized as follows:
ProfessorB . Segal (S.O.A.S., University of London). Recording mosaics and other
antiquities in and near Urfa.
Dr. O. R. Gurney. Three months' work on the Sultantepe tablets in the Ankara
Museum.
ANNUAL REPORT 5
Mr. P. Hulin. Three months' work on the Sultantepe tablets in the Ankara
Museum (accompanied by Mrs. Hulin).
Mr. Alan Hall (University of North Staffs.). Classical epigraphy in Isauria.
Spent two months in Turkey as a Student of the Institute, continuing first his record
of epigraphicalm aterial in the renewed collection of epigraphical material in Eastern
Pisidia and Isauria. He then joined Mr. D. French for a week's mound-surveying
in the region of Alkehir. Mr. Hall spent the remainder of the time in visiting
excavations and in travelling.
Dr. MichaelB allance( sometime Institute Scholar and Fellow). Epigraphic and
topographic survey in Cappadocia.
Professora nd'M rs. M. H. Beattie. Studied Turkish carpets and carpet manu-
facture in Istanbul and Anatolia.
Mr. T. B. Mitford (University of St. Andrews). Epigraphic work in Rough
Cilicia, partly in company with ProfessorG . Bean (Institute Correspondent in
Istanbul).
Dr. ElizabethR osenbaum(W arburg Institute). Photographic record of Roman
portrait heads in Turkish Museums. Assisted as photographer at the Alahan
excavations.
Miss ShelaghJ ameson( Institute Scholar I96o-6i), accompanied by her brother,
Mr. David Jameson. Four months' work in the field on the classical epigraphy of
Lycia and Pamphylia.
Mr. BarriJ ones. Assisted Dr. Ballance in his survey.
Mrs. Wainwright.A ssisted Mr. Winfield at Trebizond.
Mr. W. Hale. Assisted Mr. Winfield at Trebizond.
Mr. T. Hole. Assisted Mr. Winfield at Trebizond.
Mr. H. Martineau. Worked on the Catalogue of the Library and travelled
extensively visiting ancient sites.
Miss C. MacLucas.A ssisted the Senior Fellow with the Library and sherd collec-
tion, catalogued the Sir William Calder bequest, and took part in excavations at
Alahan and Can Hasan.
Mr. R. L L. Guthrie.T ook part in the excavation at Alahan.
Mr. J. D. Richards.A ssisted the Director as architect and surveyor at Alahan.
Miss MarjorieM cGregorT. ook part in the excavations at Alahan and Can Hasan.
Miss MaureenB arry. Took part in the excavations at Can Hasan.
Mr. N. Kindersley.T ook part in the excavations at Can Hasan.
Messrs.J . Bayliss,S . SprentA, . Harrisona ndG . Bakker. Survey of castles and other
medieval monuments in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan.
Mr. P. WinchesterA. rchitect to Qatal Hayiik excavations.
Mr. J. Nandris( Cambridge University Expedition to Macedonia). Worked on
comparative material in Library and visited local antiquities.
Other members and non-subscribersw ho stayed at the Institute included the
Rev.J . Wilkinsont,h e Rev.P . SantramM, r. and Mrs. R. Deane( University of Sydney),
Miss V. Carnegie( University of Edinburgh) and Miss GlareG of.
The thirtieth anniversary of the Turkish Historical Society was celebrated in
October. The Director accepted an invitation to deliver a short message to the
delegates on this occasion.
During 1961 the Institute acquired a flat close to the main premises in Tahran
Caddesi, to provide accommodation for a maximum of eight persons. The rooms
are spacious and there is a bathroom with hot water, and in addition a luggage store.
At the Institute building itself, various improvements have been made including the
laying of a gravel path at the back of the building to provide standing room for cars
in summer, and a new fence in the front garden. Two garages have also been
acquired not only for Institute transport and members' cars, but also to provide
much-needed storage space for some items of camp and excavation equipment.
6 ANATOLIAN STUDIES
EXCAVATIONS :
ALAHAN MONASTERY:
The site of Alahan monastery, 21 kilometres NW of Mut on the main road to
Karaman, has been known since the French traveller Laborde visited it in 1826.
Since his time, the monastery was almost completely neglected until the 'fifties
of the present century. Indeed, until 1955 the paper published by A. C. Headlam
in 1892 under the title " Ecclesiastical Sites in Isauria (Cilicia Trachea) " was the
only authoritative work. In 1955 a brief article appeared in AS V, while Professor
Paolo Verzone of Turin produced a lavishly illustrated monograph entitled Alahan
Manastzrz. This was the result of three days' painstaking work at the site, but as-
apparently unknown to Verzone-I had already carried out a three weeks' sounding
before his monograph was published, I had little compunction in requesting leave
from the Turkish Department of Antiquities to continue my work there in 1961.
The object of the present season's work was to establish the character and
chronology of the building at the west end of the monastery complex. Our work
was in progress from 25th July until 4th September, and consisted of thirty-five
working days. It was financed by generous grants from the British Institute of
Archaeology at Ankara and the Russell Trust to whom my grateful thanks are due.
Apart from the Director and Mrs. Gough, Bayan Sabahat ?enyuva, our komiser
and Miss Marjorie McGregor (pottery and conservation), who were present through-
out, the expedition was reinforced by Mr. John Richards (architect and surveyor),
Mr. Robin Guthrie (field assistant), Dr. Elizabeth Rosenbaum (photographer) and
Dr. Michael Ballance, Assistant Director of the British School at Rome. Messrs.
Alan Hall, Peter Hulin and Harry Martineau also visited the site. The sharp
climb of I,ooo feet deterred many would-be tourists, but of those that did come most
were local Turkish officials, so that the situation was not really unsatisfactory.
The very co-operative attitude of the Kaymakamo f Mut, of his Jandarma Komutani
and of our komiserl ightened our work. A local bekci is now posted at the site and
it is hoped that the very necessary jeep road will have been built before our next
campaign.
The west building is now known for certain to have been a church with two
distinct periods of construction. The first was a basilica of the mid-fifth century
with sculptural decoration of greater richness than that of the better known
Monastery Church, about 250 metres to the east of it. The second, built from the
ruins of the basilica, is a hastily constructed church with few architectural preten-
sions, and appears to date from the thirteenth century, at a time when the Christians
and Karamanogullari lived for a short time on terms of mutual toleration. To avoid
confusion with the Monastery Church this western building has now been renamed
" The Church of the Evangelists " after the relief of the Tetramorph on the soffit
of the lintel above the main gate.
Churcho f the Evangelists-Phase I :
I. It must be pointed out that during the 1961 season only the nave and apse
were cleared, leaving the side aisles and pastophoria to be dealt with later. In the
last days of the excavation the entrance to a room or crypt was discovered I 50 metres
below the level of the south aisle. This was rapidly walled up to allow of excavation
in the future.
2. The church was a basilica, with a paved atrium and narthex,a nd was divided
internally by two colonnades. When five of these columns had been re-erected
to their original height-less capitals-it became clear that there must originally
have been an upper tier, divided from the lower by a rich frieze of guilloche enclosing
rosettes, fish, acanthus sprays and, once, a cross; and, above the frieze, a simple
cornice. The frieze, of which only one block was previously known, is very well
ANNUAL REPORT 7
preserved and was fortunately not broken by the builders of the second church,
since they used the blocks for the bottom course of the walls of their new nave.
As stated above, the church had a narthex. To the west there was apparently a
columned entrance, with a central arch-the other gates being trabeated ; while
the east wall-that is the main west wall of the church itself-was pierced by three
doors, of which the central one is that described in AnatolianS tudies, Vol. V,
pp. I 19-123. The apse and pastophoriaal so appear to be primary, though the arrange-
ment of the stone seating for the abbot and clergy saw some alteration. The base
of the altar lay, overturned, on the chord of the apse, and an offertory (?) table lay
on its side in the NW corner.
3. The sculpture, whether in situ and weathered, or broken up for rubble and
still fresh, was in every way remarkable. A specially exciting discovery was made
in connexion with two archangels in relief that decorate the jambs of the main
door into the church. These have never been buried, and they are somewhat
weathered. Nevertheless, when the light was suitable it was possible to see that
each archangel was standing on clearly defined objects. St. Michael stamps under-
foot two female busts, each one wearing a Phrygian cap on her head. These may
be thought of as devotees of Cybele. St. Gabriel, on the other hand, stands on a bull
and a bald-headed male bust, and this figure appears to hold an object like a sistrum
or rattle in his left hand. Is this a priest of Isis ? The bull's presence is capable
of a number of interpretations. Can it be a reminiscence of the cult of Jupiter
Dolichenus ? Whatever the answer, the central theme is clear, that of a triumphant
Christianity trampling down her pagan rivals. In the mountains of Isauria the old
cults were perhaps not even dead, let alone forgotten, in the fifth century of our era.
The tetramorph lintel was flanked by large acanthus-fronted consoles, each
side of which was decorated with a magnificent dolphin relief, sculpted with the
confidence of experience and great economy of detail. The cornice over the central
door is a lively vinescroll with grape clusters, and with crossed fish and partridges
between the horizontal modillons. At the extreme height of the wall was yet another
cornice, with a great ram's head probably at the centre. This cornice is on a larger
scale, but again between the horizontal consoles are fish, partridges and a dove (?),
some fragments still retaining traces of colour. For the rest, the fragments are far
too many to be included in this report. Stone tracery with flower scrolls suggests
highly ornate window lights : there are fragments of a cancelluss creen, decorated
on one side with crossed fish and garlanded crosses on the other. The offertory (?)
table-which is complete-has a conch-headed niche on all of its four sides, and
below it a stepped cross. The oak leaf is frequently used as a decorative motive
in place of the normal acanthus, and half a " wind-swept " oak leaf capital was
discovered. Indeed the frequent use of the partridge and oak leaf suggests that the
sculptor was a local man well acquainted with the Isaurian countryside.
4. About 200 metres north of the monastery is a perennial spring, and it is now
known that its water was, in fact, distributed by rock cut channels to all the main
buildings and cells of the monastery. These channels, particularly those that have
a steep fall, are interrupted by small bowls and cisterns which would have taken up
the overflow. The water finally flowed into a small tank in the north of the narthex-
presumably used for washing, and fulfilling the purpose of the western cantharus.
Churcho f the Evangelists-Phase II :
i. Architecturally speaking, this church has little to recommend it. It seems
likely that as early as the seventh or eighth centuries, the primary church was over-
whelmed by a rock fall from the north, which shattered the north aisle and nave,
while leaving the narthex, southern aisle, apse and pastophoria relatively intact.
The rebuilding, mostly of original stones from the primary church, was carried out
with little taste and on the south side, at least, within the walls of the earlier building.
8 ANATOLIAN STUDIES
The first three columns at the west end of either aisle were left standing, so that the
area east of the narthexs omewhat resembles a columnar porch running the entire
width of the church. Beyond that, with a small central entrance, flanked by a pair
of niches, the colonnades were replaced by solid walls, in which bases, capitals and
drums were incorporated. This central area was then divided laterally into bays by
roughly coursed pilasters which served as supports for the arches which apparently
acted as ribs for a barrel vault. The voussoirs of these arches were actually cut out
of column bases in some instances. There is a door from the nave to each side-
aisle, but the southern one was blocked during the latest phases of its existence.
2. Of sculpture there is none, but a number of crosses carved on the secondary walls,
show that the builders' religious enthusiasm was intense, as it might well have been
when its free expression had been practically extinguished. Nevertheless, despite
the poor architectural quality of the secondary church it is still interesting for its
late date and its use of the building technique to be noticed in the medieval castles
of Anazarbus and Korykos.
M. R. E. GOUGH.
CAN HASAN : KARAMAN,
I96(cid:127)
Excavation on the prehistoric mound of Can Hasan, which lies just outside the
village some 12 km. east-north-east of Karaman, took place from 3oth September
to I Ith October, 1961. After the end of actual excavation a further week was spent
at the site in planning, photography and work on the pottery.
The tops of the mudbrick walls of a large burnt structure were found almost
immediately below the surface. This structure was later called the Plaster Room
because of the large number of pieces of painted plaster found in the fallen debris
of an upper storey. The walls of this building and of the complex of five other
independent buildings which surround it stand to a height of almost 3 metres and
are very well preserved. The corners are virtually right-angles and an elaborate
system of buttresses and benches is widely used. It is not yet apparent how these
buildings were entered and lighted but further investigation should answer this
question. A test beneath the floors of one building revealed pottery and walls of
an earlier period but this deposit needs further clearing.
From the pottery it is clear that these buildings belong to an intermediate
phase between the Early Chalcolithic of Qatal West type and Middle Chalcolithic
of Mersin type and could be tentatively dated to about 4750 B.c. Red-on-Cream
ware is still common but so is Dark-on-Light. Unexpected were sherds of incised
and white-filled pottery of both bowl and jar shapes.
The most important finds included two figurines of an interesting type. The
squatting position is known from elsewhere but the heads with nose, ears and chin
clearly modelled are different in style from those previously known. One may be
wearing a hat or crown. A mace head of copper is perhaps the earliest piece of
worked metal found in Anatolia.
The fragments of painted mud plaster from the walls of the upper storey above
the Plaster Room are most intriguing. Some show signs of having been used on
columns and on the edges or side faces of doors, windows or niches which would
have been well off a true vertical. The decoration is mainly of geometric designs
similar to those found on the pottery in red on a white background. Some pieces
of plain red, plain white and possibly plain blue were also found.
D. H. F.
EPIGRAPHIIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY :
Dr. Michael Ballance and Mr. Barri Jones carried out an archaeological recon-
naissance of eastern Galatia and western Cappadocia in order to collect material
for the Ancyra-Iconium sheet of the International Map of the Roman Empire.