Anatolian Metal V

27 Pages·2011·1.01 MB·German

Anatolian Metal V
Herausgeber:
Ünsal Yalçın
Bochum 2011
Montanhistorische Zeitschrift titelbild
Der ANSCHNITT. Beiheft 24
Alacahöyük gehört zu den wichtigsten prähistorischen Städten in
= Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Anatolien. Besonders berühmt sind die frühbronzezeitlichen Für-
Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Nr. 180 stengräber mit ihren zahlreichen Grabbeigaben aus Gold, Silber
und Bronze, darunter die frühesten Eisenfunde Anatoliens. Zum
Grabinventar zählten auch zahlreiche bronzene Sonnenstandar-
ten und Tierfiguren. Im Vordergrund ist eine dieser Sonnenstan-
darten zu sehen. Sie dient heute als Symbol des Kultur- und Tou-
rismusministeriums der Türkei.

Im Hintergrund ist eine schroffe Landschaft bei Derekutuğun,
Diese Publikation entstand mit Kreis Bayat, Provinz Çorum zu sehen. In Derekutuğun wurde seit
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Im Vordergrund ist eine der prähistorischen Strecken abgebildet.
Fotos stammen von Herausgeber.
Der Anschnitt
Herausgeber:
Vereinigung der Freunde von Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau e.V.
Vorsitzender des Vorstandes:
Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Tönjes
Vorsitzender des Beirats:
Bergassessor Dipl.-Kfm. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Achim Middelschulte
Geschäftsführer:
Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Bibliothek Museumsdirektor Prof. Dr. phil. Rainer Slotta
Die Deutschen Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der
Schriftleitung (verantwortlich):
Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten
Dr. phil. Andreas Bingener M.A.
sind im Internet über http/dnd.ddb.de abrufbar.
Editorial Board:
Dr.-Ing. Siegfried Müller, Prof. Dr. phil. Rainer Slotta; Dr. phil.
Michael Farrenkopf
redaktion Wissenschaftlicher Beirat:
Prof. Dr. Jana Geršlová, Ostrava; Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Ludwig,
Ünsal Yalçın
Bremen; Prof. Dr. Thilo Rehren, London; Prof. Dr. Klaus Tenfel-
Christian Wirth
de (†), Bochum; Prof. Dr. Wolfhard Weber, Bochum

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Angelika Wiebe-Friedrich
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
Vorwort 9
Grußwort 11
Rainer Slotta & Andreas Hauptmann
Robert Maddin and the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum 13
James D. Muhly
Robert Maddin: An Appreciation 17
Mehmet Özdoğan
The Dynamics of Cultural Change in Anatolia 21
H. Gönül Yalçın
Die Karaz-Kultur in Ostanatolien 31
Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Çamlıbel Tarlası, ein metallverarbeitender Fundplatz des vierten Jahrtausends v. Chr.
im nördlichen Zentralanatolien 53
Horst Klengel
Handel mit Lapislazuli, Türkis und Karneol im
alten Vorderen Orient 69
Metin Alparslan & Meltem Doğan-Alparslan
Symbol der ewigen Herrschaft: Metall als Grundlage des hethitischen Reiches 79
Ünsal Yalçın & Hüseyin Cevizoğlu
Eine Archaische Schmiedewerkstatt in Klazomenai 85
Martin Bartelheim, Sonja Behrendt, Bülent Kızılduman, Uwe Müller & Ernst Pernicka
Der Schatz auf dem Königshügel, Kaleburnu/Galinoporni, Zypern 91
Hristo Popov, Albrecht Jockenhövel & Christian Groer
Ada Tepe (Ost-Rhodopen, Bulgarien):
Spätbronzezeitlicher – ältereisenzeitlicher Goldbergbau 111
Tobias L. Kienlin
Aspects of the Development of Casting and Forging Techniques from the Copper Age
to the Early Bronze Age of Eastern Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin 127
Svend Hansen
Metal in south-eastern and central europe
between 4500 and 2900 Bce 137
Evgeny N. Chernykh
eurasian steppe Belt: radiocarbon chronology and Metallurgical Provinces 151
Andreas Hauptmann
Gold in Georgia i: scientific investigations into the composition of Gold 173
Thomas Stöllner & Irina Gambashidze
Gold in Georgia ii: the Oldest Gold Mine in the World 187

Khachatur Meliksetian,Steffen Kraus, Ernst PernickaPavel Avetissyan,
Seda Devejian & Levron Petrosyan
Metallurgy of Prehistoric Armenia 201
Nima Nezafati, Ernst Pernicka & Morteza Momenzadeh
early tin-copper Ore from iran, a Posssible clue for the enigma of Bronze Age tin 211
Thomas Stöllner, Zeinolla Samaschev, Sergej Berdenov †, Jan Cierny †, Monika Doll,
Jennifer Garner, Anton Gontscharov, Alexander Gorelik, Andreas Hauptmann, Rainer Herd,
Galina A. Kusch, Viktor Merz, Torsten Riese, Beate Sikorski & Benno Zickgraf
tin from Kazakhstan – steppe tin for the West? 231
Autorenliste 253
Thomas Stöllner, Zeinolla Samaschev, Sergej Berdenov †, Jan Cierny †, Monika Doll,
Jennifer Garner, Anton Gontscharov, Alexander Gorelik, Andreas Hauptmann, Rainer
Herd, Galina A. Kusch, Viktor Merz, Torsten Riese, Beate Sikorski & Benno Zickgraf
Tin from Kazakhstan – Steppe Tin for the West?
In memory of our friend Sergej Berdenov
(† October 2010)
1. Tin in the Ancient Near East – and Sippar to northern Mesopotamia (Mari) and to the
Levantine harbours from where it was shipped by sea
State of Research
(Uluburun) to the Eastern Mediterranean (Reiter 1997;
Parzinger & Boroffka 2003; Garner 2010).
Tin has been regarded as one of the enigmas of ancient
metal research; for a long time, scientists have espe- The establishment of geochemical markers like Pb-iso-
cially put question marks on where this essential alloying topic patterns also allowed the identification of the origin
metal came from, which was transported to the Oriental of metals from the late 1980s onwards. Although till now
and Mediterranean Cultures. Considering the scarcity of the composition of alloys cannot be ruled out as a real
tin deposits in these regions, (Fig. 1) it was astonishing shortcoming in determining the provenance of a single
to learn that tin-bronzes had occurred here earlier than component, first results support the textual evidence. The
elsewhere - by the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. early tin bronzes of Troy and the northern Aegean (trea-
This generally pointed to a long distance trade of metals sures of Troy IIg; Poliochni, Thermi), for instance, display
in the third millennium. Moreover, various written sourc- a remarkable isotope pattern that differs in parts from the
es, also support this idea of tin cargos being traded from regional isotopic fields (Pernicka 1995; Pernicka et al.
abroad to consumers in Mesopotamia and Anatolia (texts 2003)1. This points to very old Devonian and even older
from Kültepe-Karum Kaniš, Aššur or Sush/Susa and the Cambrian and Precambrian ore deposits being used for
Mari and Ebla archives) (e.g. Muhly 1973; 1985; Moorey their metal components. Such deposits are not known
1994; Van Lerberghe 1988; Reiter 1997; Parzinger & from the Anatolian and Aegean geology, which gave a
Boroffka 2003: 1 f.; Dercksen 2005). In the third millen- first argument that especially tin from geologically old
nium, there is evidence for tin trading from Meluhha (via deposits have been mixed with local copper metals (Per-
the island of Dilmun) and the kingdom of Anshan to nicka 1998; Pernicka et al. 2003). Such tin deposits are
southern Mesopotamian Sumerian city-states like Elam known elsewhere in geologically older ore mountains:
or Ur (Heimpel 1987). This trade took place on the lev- one major tin belt of that kind spans from Europe (Ore
el of a peer policy trade that was administered by the Mountains) over the Caucasus and Central Asia to north-
king and his officials, especially in the Ur-III- and also ern China and the Far East. Others cross over Europe
older Akkad period (currently Lamberg-Karlowsky 1978; from Cornwall via northern and central France to Tus-
Weeks & Collerson 2004; Helwing 2009). During the cany, or are stretched across parts of the Iberian Penin-
second millennium, this trading pattern seems to have sula. Although the western tin deposits seem reasonable,
changed: for the time period between the 19th and 17th there are arguments that they did not play a role in the
centuries B.C. the archives of Mari tell about Zimri-Lim earliest bronze metallurgy: tin-bronzes are known com-
and his officials, who were main actors within this trade; paratively late in Western Europe (Penhallurick 1986;
in Susa King Kudušuluš is also known as being involved Pernicka 1998).
in these activities; besides this we know of the old As-
syrian traders in Aššur (Reiter 1997). But we also hear As the written sources are not very clear in locating the
from Sin-uselli from Larsa, Inneri from Elam and Nanna- exact place of origin of the tin sources (they only mention
ereš from Ur who were active as entrepreneurs in the sites from where the tin had been traded to next trading
tin trade. So tin („annakum“) was transported from Susa nodule), no clear provenance can be concluded. But one
and Aššur and from there to Karum Kaniş in donkey has to regard even a more complex pattern, if one looks
loads of about 75 kg each (Dercksen 2005). Tin was at the broader spectrum of isotopic data that is available
traded through several routes: via Susa and via Ešnunna after more than a three decades of intensive research.
231
Thomas Stöllner et al.
Fig. 1: Prehistoric tin mining in SW- and Central Asia, Mapping: DBM, J. Cierny with additions.
According to the data of the tin bars from the Uluburun nium and this was favorable for also smaller deposits to
shipwreck (Pullak 2005: 137 ff.; 2005: 65) it is also take part in the tin business. Recently a new tin de-
likely that tin from the Bolkardağ (Taurus) mountains was posit was discovered near Arak in western Iran (Deh
used at the end of second millennium; that however does Hossein, Sanandaj-Sirjan-zone) (Fig. 1) and perhaps,
not decide the debate if the late 4th mill. Kestel mines could also be a candidate for delivering this metal to
had been used as a tin deposit (Muhly 1993; Yener & southern Mesopotamian centers; so far especially the
Vandiver 1993b). But the tin enriched crusts on crucibles Luristan bronzes of the 2nd millennium fit nicely into the
of the nearby early 3rd millennium site of Göltepe made geochemical signature of this deposit (Nezafati et al.
clear that tin was perhaps used in not large quantities 2006; Begemann et al. 2008).
to be deliberately alloyed for a rather small quantity of
prestigious metals during that time (Yener & Vandiver In the 2nd millennium, tin-bronzes became ubiquitous in
1993a). Regional patterns have arisen in the 2nd millen- this part of the ancient world and this caused a high
232
Tin from Kazakhstan – Steppe Tin for the West?
demand in tin, wherever it came from. According to the In Karnab, the organizational pattern is best visible. The
older geological ages of a part of the tin ores that were tin mines were obviously exploited during a longer pe-
obviously used since the 3rd millennium, research has riod of time but not necessarily in a continuous way.
also been focusing since the mid1990s on tin deposits Several mines were active and J. Garner (2010) recent-
in Central Asia. ly presented arguments for some kind of succession in
their use during the exploitation process. The same pat-
tern can also be observed in the nearby Andronovo
2. Central Asia as Deliverer of Tin settlement of Sičkonči, where several phases of reuse
have been discovered within the dwelling grounds. Even
The southern part of Central Asia was involved in a long in high mountainous areas, such as at Mushiston (at an
distance trading network during the 3rd and 2nd millennium altitude of more than 3300 m), the Andronovo mining
(summarized by e.g. Kohl 2007: esp. 214 pp.); so it is pattern was visible (Garner 2010). Although fire setting
also reasonable to include possible tin sources in south- did not have the same importance as in the Fergana-
ern Afghanistan for the question of tin provenance: One valley and although the mined ore, a polymetalic copper-
hint for the origin of tin was the 3rd millennium Lapis la- tin ore [stannite], is different from the cassiterite in
zuli trade that brought Afghanistan into discussion as a Karnab, the underground mining again showed some
supplier of tin (see the comments of Helwing 2009: 213 range in the operation periods that indicates continuous
p.). In the Hilmand region north of Kandahar, rich pri- usage in intervals from the early 2nd millennium onwards.
mary and placer deposits of tin are known but yet unex- A nearby high altitude sanctuary is a clear manifestation
plored, concerning of their ancient usage (Pigott 1999; of the ritual importance that this locality held for the
Lyonnet 2005). If the Aravalli mountains in north-west Andronovo miners (Parzinger & Boroffka 2003: 238 pp.).
India, well known for their geologically old ore deposits, The tin mines of Zeravshan manifested for the first time
must also be taken into account, may be debatable after the eminent role that the tin-exploitation had for the
a series of metals from southern Mesopotamia proved to Andronovo-communities: it became obvious that the
have similar Pb-Isotopic ratios (Begemann et al. 2008; technological knowledge of tin was nearly exclusively
Begemann & Schmidt-Strecker 2009: esp. 29). It is how- linked to Andronovo-groups.
ever an unsolved question if tin crossed the northern
Iranian plateau at all on its way to the west; contrary to
arsenic bronzes, tin bronzes were very rare in the 3rd 3. Tin Mines in East Kazakhstan
millennium and we do not know many of the eastern
Iranian 2nd millennium metal compositions2. The same is Andronovo groups, namely those of the Fedorovka and
principally true for the BMAC complex in Central Asia. Alakul’ ceramic traditions (recently Kuzmina 2007: 96
Although the oases cultures were included in wide rang- pp.) also played an eminent role in another tin mining
ing trade connections, and although the tin sources of the district of central Asia. The region of eastern Kazakhstan
Fergana valley in the North were relatively near, there was first investigated in this respect by S.S. Chernikov
was no major tradition in tin bronzes before the mid of during the 1930s to 1950s (Chernikov 1949; 1960).
the second millennium. Recently, K. Kaniuth (2007) ana- Chernikov accompanied the geological surveys during
lyzed the metal sequence of the Middle and Late Bronze the 1930s and therefore became acquainted with many
Age Sapalli culture in Bactria. He made clear that even tin mining districts in the Kalba-Narym geotectonic unit
there the Bronze technology was not of great importance (Fig. 2). Therefore he obtained first hand information
before the LBI, meaning the first half of the 2nd millennium. and realized the importance of the prehistoric and es-
The innovation of tin bronzes therefore may not be con- pecially Bronze Age mining activities. In his reports, he
nected with the BMAC complex and the younger Namaz- described in detail many of the mining sites for the first
ga-VI related communities in Bactria or in the Margiana. time. Chernikov can also be rightfully called the father
It seems that the Bronze technology was directly related of many more recent investigations concerning the
with the Andronovo-communities and the steppe civiliza- Bronze Age in East Kazakhstan. In his studies of metals,
tions in the north. Recent research carried out in the Fer- Chernikov (1949) raised the question for the first time if
gana valley and its tin deposits clearly uncovered evi- the early tin bronze in neighboring NW-China can be
dence that the tin mining sites of Karnab, Mushiston and related to the East Kazakhstan deposits (recently Mei
Changali were exploited by groups of the Andronovo- et al. 1998; Mei 2004). Although Chernikov could not
Tazabag’jab culture (Alimov et al. 1998; Boroffka et al. exclusively link the mines with one of the cultural groups
2002; recently Garner 2010). Their cultural habit shows in East Kazakhstan, he did realize the importance of the
typical elements of a steppe economy based on herding metallurgical production while excavating the Andronovo
and semi-nomadic lifestyle. On the other hand they seem- settlements of Trušnikovo or Kanaj (Chernikov 1960). In
ingly stood in close relation to the oasis cultures in the the following decades Chernikov’s results were widely
south, which easily can be observed by the higher portion accepted. For instance, E.N. Chernykh repeatedly ac-
of wheel turned ceramic in their material culture (Parz- knowledged the importance of East Kazakhstan, espe-
inger & Boroffka 2003; Kuz’mina 2007: 365). cially when discussing the introduction of tin bronze
233
Thomas Stöllner et al.
Fig. 2: Mining sites in East Kazakhstan after Chernikov (1949) with additions: 1. Čerdojak (Sn), 2. Čudskoje (Sn), 3. Delbegetej (Sn),
4. Karčiga (Cu), 5. Kazančunkur (Au, ), 6. Mynčunkur (Sn), 7. Nikolaevskoe (Cu), 8. Orlovskoe (Cu), 9. Ubinskoe (Sn), 10. Urunčaj
(Sn), 11. Zyrjanovskoe (Cu). Important mining in Central Asia: 12. Bozshakol (Pavlodar) (Cu), 13. Dshezkazgan (Cu), 14. Kenkazgan
(Cu), 15. Kargaly (Cu), 16. Karnab/Čangali (Sn), 17. Kyzylkum (Cu), 18. Michailovo (Cu), 19. Minussinsk basin (Cu), 20. Mushiston
(Sn), 21. Veshnāveh (Cu, Iran); quadrangles: Bronze Age settlements with metallurgy: a. Ayrtau; b. Novaja Schulba; mapping: DBM,
G. Steffens/Th. Stöllner.
technology in the eastern part of EAMP (Eurasian Met- worked during the early phase of the Bronze Age? If the
allurgical Province) during the 2nd mill. BC. (Chernykh Kalba-Narym supplied Okunev with tin, one has to as-
1992: Fig. 37) or the Sejma-Turbino phenomen which sume a tin trade crossing the Irtysh river system or even
he connected with a younger chronological horizon than using the Irtysh as a northern and eastern route.
what has recently been argued by H. Parzinger (e.g.
Chernykh & Kuz’minych 1989; Parzinger 2002; Parz- Archaeological research and field work in East Kazakh-
inger & Boroffka 2003: 289 pp.; Parzinger 2006). The stan has brought to light further evidence in the last de-
Sejma-Turbino Phenomen and the occurrence of tin cades. On both sides of the Irtysh, further metallurgical
bronzes, especially in the context of the Siberian Okunev sites have been documented, such as those on the Shul-
cultures, is of special interest for East Kazakhstan. Tin binka river (Alekhin & Iljushin 1989; Ermolaeva et al. 1998;
bronzes obviously occurred at the end of the 3rd millen- Alekhin 2000) or in the surrounding areas of the Delge-
nium in the forest-steppe zone of Siberia, as well as in betej (Askaraly) ore mountains in the northwestern part
East Kazakhstan and the Altai region. Although neither of the Kalba-Narym geological unit (Maksimova & Ermo-
the Sejma-Turbino cultural complex3 nor the Okunev laeva 1987; Orazbaev & Omarov 1998; Ermolaeva 2001).
culture can be linked with tin-mines so far, it is clear that
they had some access to tin resources. Therefore, one East Kazakhstan can be regarded as a region rich in
may ask if the East Kazakhstan tin mines had been metal ore resources, which can be contributed to a com-
234
Tin from Kazakhstan – Steppe Tin for the West?
plex geological history that has led to various parage- copper metallurgy (Alekhin & Ilushin 1989; Ermolaeva
netic conditions with different types of ore deposits (Fig. 1998). At Bozshakol, west of Pavlodar, the ore field was
2). Within the so-called Altai geotectonic unit, (Altaiskij investigated twice by surveys with a small sondage at
Geo-Tektonogen) the Kalba-Narym zone and the Ore- the Late Bronze Age settlement (Berdenov et al. 2004;
Altai zone can be differentiated from one another (Ge- Garner et al. 2007). Finally surveys and excavations were
ologija SSSR): tin deposits are intrusively embedded carried out in the Kalba-Narym-zone following the foot-
with pegmatites, granites and granodiorites into sand- steps of S.S. Chernikov in 2005 (Garner et al. 2007; in
stones and calcareous rocks of the Middle Devonian detail Stöllner et al. in prep.).
and Lower Carbonian Ages. Westwards of this zone, tin
is found closely related with gold deposits in the western In the Kalba-Narym-Zone, some tin mining fields, such
Kalba formation (Fig. 2) (Scherba et al. 1984; Malchen- as Mynchunkur, Karagoin, Achmetkino, Urumchaj and
ko & Ermolov 2006). The ore deposits are formed as Kalai Topkan were also investigated. At some sites ham-
massive deposits or as veins4. The metallogenesis of mer stones clearly indicated tin mining activities from
these ore deposits can be assigned nowadays to the the Bronze Age, but only in Kalai Topkan (Belaja Gora)
Devonian and Lower Carbon and therefore can be count- was it possible to gain detailed results through an un-
ed as one of the „old“ tin deposits. derground investigation (Fig. 3). Two underground work-
ings were discovered inside a tin mineralized dyke
The zone of the Ore-Altai (Rudnyj-Altaj), north of the stretching along the side a slope from SE to NW. A
river Irtysh, is different in many respects. Polymetallic sounding in mine 2 not only revealed hammer-stones
ore mineralizations are dominant. The metallogenesis but also some charcoal whose dating placed the mining
began later during the Upper Cambrian and culminated activities in the late Bronze Age7.
during the Hercynic tectonic phase. The ore deposits
are manifold. Besides lead- and zinc-deposits, there are
mainly copper and copper-zinc deposits that have de- 3.2. The Shulbinka Metallurgical Sites
veloped extensive oxidation zones on the surface;
polymetallic sulfidic ores are also abundant. Such ore Another area that was already known as a metallurgical
deposits have been in use since the Soviet period5 activity zone is along the banks of the Shulbinka River,
(Parchmann et al. 1996); prehistoric copper metallurgy a northern tributary to the Irtysh. Archaeologists sur-
found in their surroundings also points to their impor- veyed the river stream system in the late 1980ies, taking
tance in earlier days. advantage of soil erosion to detect archaeological re-
mains. At the site Novaja Shulba IX and X, as well as
at Novoshulbinskoe, slags and ores were reported (Alek-
3.1. Results of Field Work between hin & Ilushin 1989; Ermolaeva 1998). Therefore it was
2003 and 2008 targeted to explore this copper production and to study
its technological level in more detail. A further principal
In the following section, the results of field work of the aim was to find possible relations with the tin producing
German Mining Museums’ Kazakhstan project that has societies south of the Irtysh in order to reconstruct pos-
been carried out between 2003 and 20086 will be brief- sible exchanges between different metal producing com-
ly introduced. This will not replace the detailed publica- munities.
tion of the project’s results that is to be published in
2011/2012 (Stöllner et al. in prep.). Excellent results were gained from the site Novaja Shul-
ba IX (Fig. 4). After an initial geophysical research and
The project originated from a first and brief survey in some soundings proved the validity and the potential of
2003, where many to be investigated sites were visited the site, we launched a small-scaled excavation in July
for the first time (e.g. deposits of Askaraly, the Shulbinka 2006. Following the results of the magnetic survey, so-
zone, the Bozshakol ore field [this one will not reported me metallurgical features dating to the Andronovo peri-
here]). Additionally, a primary goal from the beginning od were uncovered: pits filled with slag, and crucible
was to reevaluate and to date the different ancient tin remains that were dumped in a pit nearby indicate con-
workings described by Chernikov (1949) (Berdenov et siderable metallurgical smelting activity at a household
al. 2004). One focus was put on the north-western part level (Fig. 5). Mineralogical and petrological studies of
of the Kalba-Narym zone, especially on the ore mountains the slag provided some insight into a very simple copper
around Askaraly (Delgebetej mountains) where four cam- smelting process in which much of the ore was conver-
paigns were carried out from 2004 to 2008 (Berdenov et ted into cuprite and magnetite instead of being reduced
al. 2005; Cierny et al. 2005; Garner et al. 2007; Stöllner to metallic copper. These points to an inefficient smelting
et al. 2009; 2010). Besides that, surveys and smaller process carried out under weakly reducing atmospheric
excavations were carried out near the Shulbinka river conditions. Besides a large smelting crucible, the expe-
(Berdenov et al. 2004; Garner et al. 2007) where older dition also uncovered a smaller crucible fragments that
surveys had produced settlement sites with evidence of may have served as melting crucibles.
235