Table Of ContentEmanuele Crisostomi · Bissan Ghaddar ·
Florian Häusler · Joe Naoum-Sawaya ·
Giovanni Russo · Robert Shorten Editors
Analytics
for the Sharing
Economy:
Mathematics,
Engineering and
Business Perspectives
Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics,
Engineering and Business Perspectives
Emanuele Crisostomi Bissan Ghaddar
(cid:129) (cid:129)
ä
Florian H usler Joe Naoum-Sawaya
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Giovanni Russo Robert Shorten
(cid:129)
Editors
Analytics for the Sharing
Economy: Mathematics,
Engineering and Business
Perspectives
123
Editors
Emanuele Crisostomi Bissan Ghaddar
DESTEC IveyBusiness School
University of Pisa University of Western Ontario
Pisa,Italy London,Canada
Florian Häusler Joe Naoum-Sawaya
Moovel Group GmbH IveyBusiness School
Stuttgart, Germany London,ON, Canada
GiovanniRusso RobertShorten
Department ofInformation & Electrical Dyson Schoolof DesignEngineering
Engineering andAppliedMathematics Imperial CollegeLondon
University of Salerno London,UK
Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
ISBN978-3-030-35031-4 ISBN978-3-030-35032-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35032-1
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard
tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Emanuele Crisostomi, Bissan Ghaddar, Florian Häusler,
Joe Naoum-Sawaya, Giovanni Russo and Robert Shorten
The Mathematics of Sharing
Optimization Methods: An Applications-Oriented Primer . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Antonio Frangioni and Laura Galli
Networked Systems Theory: Distributed Algorithms for Optimal
Cooperation of Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lucia Pallottino
On Distributed Generalized Nash Equilibrium Seeking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sergio Grammatico
Queueing Theory in the Context of Shared Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Christopher King
Enablers for Collaborative Consumption
Advances in Cloud Computing, Wireless Communications
and the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Gopika Premsankar and Mario Di Francesco
Distributed Ledger Technologies and the Collaborative Economy . . . . . 95
Pietro Ferraro and Daniel Conway
Sharing Economy: A Business Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Paolo Roma
Distributed Algorithms for Internet-of-Things-Enabled Prosumer
Markets: A Control Theoretic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Syed Eqbal Alam, Robert Shorten, Fabian Wirth and Jia Yuan Yu
v
vi Contents
Negotiation Approaches for Sharing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Pierre Pinson, Fabio Moret, Thomas Baroche
and Athanasios Papakonstantinou
Behaviour Change for the Sharing Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Léa Deleris and Pól Mac Aonghusa
Platforms and New Use Cases
Sharing Data in Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Joachim Taiber
On Parsing Shared Information: An Application from the Connected
Car Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Rodrigo Ordóñez-Hurtado, Giovanni Russo, Sam Sinnott
and Robert Shorten
Mobility on Demand in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Susan Shaheen and Adam Cohen
Data-Driven Rebalancing Methods for Bike-Share Systems . . . . . . . . . . 255
Daniel Freund, Ashkan Norouzi-Fard, Alice Paul, Carter Wang,
Shane G. Henderson and David B. Shmoys
Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Thomas Morstyn and Malcolm D. McCulloch
Healthcare and the Sharing Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Jad Bitar
Industry4.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Edoardo Calia and Davide D’Aprile
Industry 4.0 and The Sharing Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Robert Shorten, John Oliver, Deirdre Clayton, Ammar Malik
and Hugo Lhachemi
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Emanuele Crisostomi, Bissan Ghaddar, Florian Häusler,
Joe Naoum-Sawaya, Giovanni Russo and Robert Shorten
Introduction
EmanueleCrisostomi,BissanGhaddar,FlorianHäusler,JoeNaoum-Sawaya,
GiovanniRussoandRobertShorten
This edited volume grew out of our shared interest in one of the most disruptive,
andparadoxically,oldestideas,currentlyshapingbusinessesacrosstheglobe:col-
laborativeconsumption.Collaborativeconsumption,orthesharingeconomyasitis
alsoknown,referstobusinessesthatarebasedonsharingresourcesandservices,as
opposedtotraditionalownership-basedmodels.Drivenbywidespreadconnectivity,
newtechnologybrickssuchasblockchainand3Dprinting,andmoreinformedcon-
sumers,thisnewparadigmiscausingawaveofdisruptionacrossindustries,andis
leadingtoempowermentofcitizensandcommunitiesinwaysthatwereunimagin-
able just a short time ago. Prominent examples are the peer-to-peer lodging com-
pany Airbnb, transportation network companies such as Uber, and various online
platformswhichfacilitatetheexchangeofservicesamongusers.Thisnewclassof
business models is fundamentally different from the current standard approaches.
A key component of the sharing economy is the rise of the prosumer; that is the
B
E.Crisostomi( )
UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
B.Ghaddar·J.Naoum-Sawaya
IveyBusinessSchool,UniversityofWesternOntario,London,Canada
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
F.Häusler
Moovel,Stuttgart,Germany
e-mail:fl[email protected]
G.Russo
DepartmentofInformation&ElectricalEngineeringandAppliedMathematics,
UniversityofSalerno,Fisciano,Salerno,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
R.Shorten
DysonSchoolofDesignEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1
E.Crisostomietal.(eds.),AnalyticsfortheSharingEconomy:
Mathematics,EngineeringandBusinessPerspectives,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35032-1_1
2 E.Crisostomietal.
traditional consumer is replaced by a prosumer who both produces and consumes
resources.Thiscanmakesharingeconomiesbothresilientandefficient,butnotwith-
outsignificantchallenges.Forexample,issuesoffairness,dimensioning,andsocial
compliance, and increasingly the orchestration of both humans and machines, are
all issues that go to the heart of the design of sharing economy models. However,
notwithstandingthesechallenges,marketforcesdrivingtheemergenceofashared
economyareirresistible,andmanylargecorporationsaremovingquicklytodevelop
newsharedservices.Roughlyspeaking,opportunitiesaroundsharedproductsgive
risetoanumberofsharingmodels[1].First,servicesbasedonopportunisticsharing
ofresourcesexploittheavailabilityofidleresourcesandarefacilitatedbyubiquitous
mobileconnectivity.Second,infederatedsharing,sharingefficiencyisachievedby
aggregatingthedemandofmanyusersandtheiravailableresources.Finally,driven
bythesuccessofexistingsharedservices,anumberoflargecompaniesarealready
exploringwaystodesignproductswiththespecificobjectiveoftheseproductsbeing
shared.
Ourobjectiveinthisbookistoprovideasomewhatholisticoverviewofsharing
economysystems.Thedesignofsharingeconomyproductsisdrivingnotonlynew
andinnovativebusinessmodels,butalsoinnovationintechnology,inbusiness,andin
thecreationofnewservices.Itiswiththisbackgroundinmindthatwehaveorganised
thiseditedvolume.Firstwegiveanoverviewofsomeofthemathematicsthatisof
use in designing shared services; then we speak about some of the technologies
thatareenablingthisrevolution;andfinally,wepresentanumberofusecasesthat
illustratesomeoftheservicesthatareemerginginthisarea.
Finally,whilethisbookhasgrownoutofourcommoninterestinthisnewarea,
we are very grateful to the Danish ForskEL Energy Collective project (grant no.
2016-1-12530) and to the Science Foundation Ireland Analytics for the Sharing
EconomyProject(grant16/IA/4610),bothofwhichfosteredandenabledsomeof
thecollaborationthatgaverisetothisbook.
Reference
1. Crisostomi E, Shorten R, Stüdli S, Wirth F (2018) Electric and plug-in hybrid electric net-
works:optimizationandcontrol.CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup,AutomationandControl
EngineeringSeries
The Mathematics of Sharing
Emanuele Crisostomi, Bissan Ghaddar, Florian Häusler,
Joe Naoum-Sawaya, Giovanni Russo and Robert Shorten
1 Introduction
In this first part of the book we give an overview of some of the mathematics that
are typically used to design shared services. Indeed, independently on the specific
contextofinterest,sharingeconomysystemsareusuallycharacterizedbyanumber
ofcommonfeatures.Forinstance,suchsystemsareusuallydesignedtobeoperated
inadistributedwayasa(typicallylarge)setofagents/actorsthatinteractwitheach
otherthroughsomeformof(possiblystochasticandasynchronous)communication
to access a shared good. Consider, for example, trading fashion through a clothes
E.Crisostomi
UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
B.Ghaddar(cid:1)J.Naoum-Sawaya
IveryBusinessSchool,Canada
e-mail:[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
F.Häusler
Moovel,Germany
e-mail:fl[email protected]
G.Russo
DepartmentofInformation&ElectricalEngineeringandAppliedMathematics,
UniversityofSalerno,Fisciano,Salerno,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
R.Shorten
DysonSchoolofDesignEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
4 E.Crisostomietal.
swappingplatformsuchasKleiderkreisel1whereusersinteractwitheachotherand
share information through the platform to buy, sell, or trade clothes.
The goal of this part is to provide a primer on some of the key methodological
tools, typically used when designing a sharing economy system. These method-
ologicaltoolsarethenemployedintheremainingpartsofthisbook.Westartwith
Chap.2,whereitisshownhowseveralproblemsarisinginthecontextofthisbook
canberecastasanoptimizationproblem.Inparticular,anintroductionisofferedon
the main theoretical and software tools that are nowadays available to system
designers to solve the kind of optimization problems arising in sharing economy
systems.Asimplifiedbikesharinguse-caseisusedthroughoutthechaptertoguide
thereaderthroughthediscussionofmodelingandalgorithmicissues.InChap.3we
build upon these optimization tools to consider the case where the systems are
distributed. Inthis chaptercertain distributed optimizationalgorithms aresurveyed
anditisshownhowtheproblemofoptimallymanagingasharedresourcebetween
asetofuserscanberecastasa(distributed)optimizationproblem.Withinasharing
economysystem,theusersrequiringaccesstothesharedgoodcaneithercooperate
or compete with each other. A collection of inter-dependent decision making
problemsfromagentseachhavingtheirownindividualaimcanberecastasagame.
CertaintoolsfromGameTheoryandNashequilibria,relevantforsharingeconomy
systems,aresurveyedinChap.4.Finally,inChap.5,aprimerisgivenonqueuing
theory. Indeed, in many sharing economy applications, it may happen that the
request for a given resource exceeds the available supply. Queuing theory offers a
way fordesigning protocols regulatingaccesstotheresource andthechapterlinks
the technical concepts to a set of concrete examples.
1https://www.european-business.com/kleiderkreisel-gmbh/portrait/.
