Table Of ContentANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY
AMERICAN UNNERSITY PUBLICATIONS IN PHILOSOPHY
II
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY
edited by
HAROLD A. DURFEE
Editors of the series : Barry L. Blose
Harold A. Durfee
David F. T. Rodier
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
AND
PHENOMENOLOGY
edited by
HAROLD A. DURFEE
II
MARTINUS NIJHOFF - THE HAGUE - 1976
To
DORIS
for being the center of
my Lebenswelt
© 1976 by Martinus Nijhofj; The Hague, Netherlands.
All rights reserved, including the right to translate or
to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form.
ISBN-13: 978-90-247-1880-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1407-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-1407-6
SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE
This is the second volume in the series of American University Publi-
cations in Philosophy. It, like the first volume, moves significantly
beyond what other books have done before it. The first volume's original-
ity lay in its bringing together essays that explored important new
directions in the explanation of behavior, language, and religion. The
originality of the present volume lies in its collecting, for the first time
in book form, essays at the interface between analytic philosophy and
phenomenology. In this volume there are essays about a number of the
most seminally influential philosophers among both the analysts and the
phenomenologists.
Barry L. Blose, for the editors of
American University
Publications in Philosophy
EDITOR'S PREFACE
Philosophy inevitably creates divisions and this anthology deals with
what is perhaps the central division in twentieth century Western philo-
sophy. The collection, originally the foundation for a seminar in com-
parative philosophy which I offered at The American University in
1971 and 1974, was sufficiently suggestive to students of both traditions
to lead me to initiate its publication. The future development of Western
philosophy is far from clear, but I am convinced that it will inevitably
involve a more open conversation between phenomenologists and
analytic philosophers, between the current dominant orientations among
both European and Anglo-Saxon philosophers. This volume of essays
is offered as an attempt to stimulate that conversation.
I am grateful to the authors and publishers who cooperated in allowing
these essays to be published, to the publishers of these series for both
their interest and efficiency, and to the students in seminars, whose
active participation evidence what higher education is all about. Special
thanks are due to the editors of the American University Publications in
Philosophy for including this volume in their series; to Barry L. Blose,
whose advice throughout this project was frequently solicited and
graciously offered; to Peter A. Durfee, whose suggestions offered
welcomed improvements in the design of this volume; to Madaline K.
Shoemaker, whose patience at the typewriter never failed; and to my
wife, whose constant help made it possible.
R.A.D.
The American University, 1975
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Series Editor's Preface V
Editor's Preface VI
INTRODUCTION 1
AN EARLY EVALUATION
PHENOMENOLOGY
by G. Ryle . 17
FOUNDATIONAL PHILOSOPHERS
SENSE AND ESSENCE: FREGE AND HUSSERL
by R. C. Solomon 31
HUSSERL AND/OR WITTGENSTEIN
by J. M. Hems. 55
HUSSERL AND WITTGENSTEIN ON LANGUAGE
by P. Ricreur 87
THE DOUBLE AWARENESS IN HEIDEGGER AND WITTGENSTEIN
by I. Horgby 96
HEIDEGGER'S CRITICISM OF WITTGENSTEIN's CONCEPTION OF TRUTH
by J. Morrison 125
MEANING AND LANGUAGE
by S. A. Erickson . 147
AUSTIN AND PHENOMENOLOGY
by H. A. Durfee 170
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
META-PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS
SOME PARALLELS BETWEEN ANALYSIS AND PHENOMENOLOGY
by D. Ihde 179
IS THERE A WORLD OF ORDINARY LANGUAGE?
by J. Wild . 190
HARE, HUSSERL, AND PIllLOSOPIllC DISCOVERY
by J. Compton . 208
PHENOMENOLOGY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS I
by C. Taylor 217
PHENOMENOLOGY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS II
by Sir A. J. Ayer 232
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS OF EXPLICATION?: A BASIC PROBLEM IN
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS AND PHENOMENOLOGY
by E. T. Gendlin 243
Notes on Contributors 268
Sources 269
Bibliography 271
Index of Names 275
INTRODUCTION
Philosophy is a discipline of fundamental diversities and extremely
divergent modes of thought some of which occupy center stage in Western
intellectual development. This book deals with such a central division.
For centuries significant differences have developed between the philo-
sophical reflections of the Western European (mainly French and
German) and those of the Anglo-Saxon countries (especially Britain,
Australia, Canada, and the United States). These differences extend at
least as far back in history as the major epistemological division between
the early modern rationalism of Descartes and Leibnitz and the British
empiricism of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. At certain periods there
has been greater compatibility, as with the development of Hegelian
Idealism in England and the United States or the development of
Logical Empiricism in the Vienna Circle. In spite of such interesting
exceptions, however, continental and Anglo-Saxon philosophers have
frequently moved in different directions and have worked within different
philosophical traditions, for example, the French tradition of Descartes
and the Anglo-Saxon tradition of Hume.
The essays in this volume do not deal with historical or nationalistic
themes, but rather with a contemporary manifestation of the traditional
Anglo-Saxon/continental dichotomy. During the twentieth century
continental philosophers have been developing the philosophical position
which has become known as phenomenology, while at the same time
Anglo-Saxon philosophers have been working out a position which has
come to be called Analytic Philosophy, or Linguistic Analysis. The
essays which follow do not describe the nature and history of these
movements in themselves, but attempt rather to investigate at some depth
the relationships and relative merits of these two positions.
It is dangerous to generalize about dominant philosophical tendencies
on any continent or national scene, and alternative positions are usually
2 INTRODUCTION
well represented. Nevertheless, certain tendencies do seem to capture
primary attention. Marxism, as well as phenomenology, obviously plays a
significant role on the European continent, but it too is frequently in
dialogue with the phenomenological movement, as in its dialogue with
Jean-Paul Sartre or Maurice Merleau-Ponty. It should also be noted that
there are significant centers of analytic thought in Europe, especially
in Scandinavian countries. More recently European philosophers have
taken increased interest in linguistic analysis and philosophy of language,
but even when this occurs, as in the continental concern with herme-
neutics, it carries on its reflection in a unique manner quite distinguishable
from the concern with language in Anglo-Saxon circles.
It is also clear that non-analytic concerns are widely present in Anglo-
Saxon countries. Pragmatic naturalism and the tradition of White-
headian process philosophy are major interests on the American scene.
Nevertheless, in recent years linguistic analysis seemed to hold the
forefront of attention, although there also has been a growing interest
in phenomenological proposals. While analytic concerns have dominated
British philosophy, more recently a society with interest in phenomenology
has been formed, and the discussions of that group in the British setting
already have furthered significantly the dialogue with which this volume
is concerned.
It has been suggested that borderline or boundary situations may be
the most fruitful position from which to view many intellectual phe-
nomena. The essays which follow attempt to stand near such a boundary,
although the authors may be patriots of either philosophical homeland.
Both analytic and phenomenological positions, as one would expect,
contain within themselves considerable diversity, yet they have been
sufficiently established to allow both to look over their own boundaries.
Consequently some philosophers are beginning to inquire as to the rela-
tionships between these two traditions: the fundamental roots of the
divisions between them, what they might have in common, and where
the inevitable differences remain. These essays explore those very
questions.
Philosophy, although it may have its essential constants, participates
itself in some way in the Heraclitian flux and seldom stands still. The
present exercise in meta-philosophy as comparative philosophy will not
necessarily bring about agreement, but one may be able to discover some
common meeting ground, some frame of reference, some set of problems,
some method or procedure which will make a genuine dialogue possible.
By such comparisons one hopes to discover whatever rapprochement
