Table Of ContentFarzad Hejazi
Keyhan Karimzadeh
Analysis
Procedure for
Earthquake
Resistant
Structures
Analysis Procedure for Earthquake Resistant
Structures
Farzad Hejazi Keyhan Karimzadeh
(cid:129)
Analysis Procedure
for Earthquake Resistant
Structures
123
Farzad Hejazi Keyhan Karimzadeh
Department ofCivil Engineering Department ofCivil Engineering
University PutraMalaysia University PutraMalaysia
Serdang,Selangor Serdang,Selangor
Malaysia Malaysia
ISBN978-981-10-8838-4 ISBN978-981-10-8839-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8839-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018937354
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Preface
Thisbookdemonstratestheanalysisprocedureforstructuressubjectedtothelateral
loadssuchasearthquakeandwind.Thestructuralanalysisincludestheprocessfor
calculation and distribution of earthquake load into structural elements, and cal-
culates thedisplacementduetoapplied lateral load for different types ofstructures
such as reinforced concrete and steel framed structures. The purpose of preparing
thisbookistoprovideaclear guideline for civil engineers for theseismicanalysis
of structures with various building systems and distribute lateral load to the
structural components. This book covers all necessary algorithms, equations, pro-
cedure, and illustration for the analysis of structure subjected to lateral load in a
step-by-step manner.
Thedevelopedprocedureisbasedonmanualcalculationwhichisformulatedfor
realistic structures, and it provides suitable and clear techniques for the analysis of
structures.
The book consists of four chapters: Chap. 1: Moment Resistance System,
Chap. 2: Braced Steel Frame System, Chap. 3: Frames with Shear Wall, and
Chap. 4:DynamicandNonlinearStaticAnalysis.Each chapterisdividedinto five
parts to calculate the applied loads to the structure, determine the center of mass
and stiffness, and distribute lateral load to the structure as well as calculate the
structural displacement.
Inordertodemonstratetheapplicationofdevelopedprocedure,alltheexplained
theories and calculation procedures are implemented for the analysis of real
building and all architectural drawings and structural details are provided in each
chapter.
Therefore, by preparing this book, an attempt has been made to create an
understandableandsimplifiedprocedurefortheanalysisofstructuressubjectedtoa
lateral load for civil engineers.
Selangor, Malaysia Farzad Hejazi
Keyhan Karimzadeh
v
Contents
1 Moment Resistance System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Moment Resistance System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Resistance System in Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Moment Resistance Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 The Behavior of Moment Resistance Frame. . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.4 Stiffness Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.5 Shear Rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2 Define Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.1 Architectural Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.2 Site Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.3 Material Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.2 Gravity Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3.3 Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.3.4 Lateral Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.3.5 Shear Rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
1.3.6 Torsional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
1.3.7 Accidental Torsional Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
1.3.8 Distribution of Lateral Shear in Bents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
1.3.9 Analysis of the Moment Resistance Frame Under
Gravity Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
1.3.10 The Approximate Methods for Analysis of Moment
Resistance Frames Under Lateral Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
1.4 Displacement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
1.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
vii
viii Contents
2 Braced Steel Frame System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2.1 Braced Frame System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
2.1.1 Braced Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
2.1.2 Types of Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
2.1.3 Behavior of Braced Frame Under Gravity
and Lateral Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
2.1.4 Stiffness of Different Type of Bracing Frame. . . . . . . . . . 244
2.2 Define Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
2.2.1 Properties Definition of Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
2.3 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
2.3.1 Weight of Steel Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
2.3.2 Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
2.3.3 Lateral Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
2.3.4 Stiffeness of Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
2.3.5 Torsional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
2.3.6 Distribution of Lateral Shear in Bents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
2.4 Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
2.4.1 Evaluation of Deformation of Frames Under Lateral
Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
2.4.2 Flexural Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
2.4.3 Shear Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
3 Frames with Shear Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
3.1 Concrete Shear Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
3.1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
3.1.2 Concrete Shear Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
3.1.3 Methods of Implementation of Shear Wall in Steel
Structure Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
3.1.4 Wall Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
3.1.5 Steel Member in Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
3.1.6 The Effect of Earthquakes on Shear Wall Buildings. . . . . 350
3.1.7 Proportionate and Non-proportionate Wall System. . . . . . 351
3.1.8 Failure in Shear Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
3.1.9 Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
3.2 Define Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
3.2.1 Definition and Properties Used in This Project. . . . . . . . . 363
3.2.2 Architectural Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
3.3 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
3.3.1 The Weight of Steel Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
3.3.2 Centre of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
3.3.3 Lateral Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Contents ix
3.3.4 Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3.3.5 Torsional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
3.3.6 Distribution of Lateral Shear in Bents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
3.4 Displacement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
3.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
3.5 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
3.5.1 Section Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
3.5.2 Weigh and Centre of Mass Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
3.5.3 Displacement of Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
4 Dynamic and Nonlinear Static Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
4.1 Linear Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
4.1.1 Understanding the Types of the Methods of Calculating
Earthquake Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
4.1.2 Introduction to Response History Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 453
4.1.3 Introduction of Spectral Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
4.1.4 Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
4.1.5 Free Vibration for MDOF System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
4.1.6 Natural Vibration Frequencies and Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
4.1.7 Determination of Modal Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
4.1.8 Normalization of Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
4.1.9 Calculation of Modal Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
4.1.10 Calculations of Story Shear Force in Each Mode. . . . . . . 467
4.1.11 Linear Static Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
4.1.12 Fundamental Period and Base Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.1.13 The Pattern of Lateral Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
4.1.14 Minimum Number of Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
4.1.15 The Combination of Modal Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
4.2 Define Project and Analyzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
4.2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
4.2.2 Material Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
4.2.3 Total Weight of Floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
4.3 Response Spectrum Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
4.3.1 Procedure of Building Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
4.3.2 Response Spectrum Analysis with El-Centro
Ground Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
4.4 Non-linear Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
4.4.1 Review in the Nonlinear Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
4.4.2 The Concept of Plastic Hinge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
4.4.3 Application of Two-Line and Three-Line Modeling . . . . . 520
4.4.4 Effort-Deformation Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
4.4.5 The Concept of Nonlinear Static Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
x Contents
4.4.6 The Direction of Imposing Force in the Static
Nonlinear Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
4.4.7 Two Fundamental Words in Nonlinear Static
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
4.4.8 Capacity Curve of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
4.4.9 Effective Fundamental Period of Building . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
4.4.10 Target Displacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
4.4.11 Design Coefficient of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Two types of moment resistance connection.... .... ..... .. 4
Fig. 1.2 Deformation of moment resistance frame.. .... .... ..... .. 5
Fig. 1.3 Moment resistance frame under gravity load. a Deformation
diagram, b moment diagram, c shear diagram, d axial
diagram... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 5
Fig. 1.4 The location of zero moments in resistance frame ... ..... .. 6
Fig. 1.5 Middle part of beam. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 7
Fig. 1.6 End section of beam. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 7
Fig. 1.7 Moment resistance frame under gravity load. a Deformation
diagram, b moment diagram, c shear diagram, d axial
diagram... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 8
Fig. 1.8 Moment resistant frame under lateral load . .... .... ..... .. 8
Fig. 1.9 Analysis of moment resistance frame under lateral load.... .. 9
Fig. 1.10 Final moment diagram of single bay moment resistance
frame under lateral load ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 9
Fig. 1.11 Concept of stiffness . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 10
Fig. 1.12 a Moment resistance frame under lateral load, b pushover
graph .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 10
Fig. 1.13 Concept of stiffness in force-displacement graph .... ..... .. 10
Fig. 1.14 Plane frame undergoing sway... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 12
Fig. 1.15 Free body diagrams of columns and beam. .... .... ..... .. 13
Fig. 1.16 Moment resistance frame under lateral load.... .... ..... .. 14
Fig. 1.17 Columns rotation ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 14
Fig. 1.18 Free body diagram of joint B and C.. .... .... .... ..... .. 15
Fig. 1.19 Moment resistance frame under lateral load and its
reaction... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 15
Fig. 1.20 Site plan of considered building. .... .... .... .... ..... .. 20
Fig. 1.21 Floorplan . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 20
Fig. 1.22 Ground floor... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 21
Fig. 1.23 Sketch illustrating the location of the columns,
and beams on the floor plan.... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 21
xi
