Analysis of the Market Potential of Syrian Organic Fruit and Vegetables for Exports to Germany

507 Pages·2016·154.167 MB·English

by  Issa, Irwa

REPRODUCTION IN
F
ARM ANIMALS
7th Edition
REPRODUCTION IN
F
ARM ANIMALS
7th Edition
Editor: DonnaBalado
ManagingEditor:Karen Gulliver
MarketingManager: Annie Smith
Production Editor: Paula C.Williams
Copyright © 2000 LippincottWilliams& Wilkins
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for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains
informationrelatingto general principlesofmedical care whichshould not beconstruedas
specificinstructionsforindividualpatients.Manufacturers'productinformationand package
inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages,
and precautions.
Printedin theUnitedStates ofAmerica
FirstEdition, 1962
Japanese translation, 1965
Spanishtranslation, 1967
SecondEdition, 1968
Japanese translation, 1971
ThirdEdition, 1974
FourthEdition, 1980
Reprinted, 1982
Portuguese translation, 1982
Italian translation, 1985
Fifth Edition, 1987
Japanese translation, 1992
Spanishtranslation, 1992
SixthEdition, 1993
Libraryof CongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Reproduction in farm animals /edited byB.Hafez,E.S.E.Hafez.-7thed.
p. em.
Includes bibliographicalreferences.
ISBN 0-683-30577-8
1. Livestock-Reproduction. 2. Veterinaryphysiology. I. Hafez, B.
II. Hafez,E.S. E.(ElsayedSaad Eldin), 1922-
SF871.R47 2000
636.089'26-dc21 99-053783
Thepublishershavemadeeveryeffortto trace thecopyrightholdersforborrowedmaterial. Ifthey
haveinadvertentlyoverlookedany,theywillbepleased tomakethenecessaryarrangementsatthe
first opportunity.
To purchase additional copies ofthis book, call our customerservice department at (800)
638-3030 or fax orders to [phone]. International customers should call (301)
714-2324.
04 05 06 07
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PREFACE
The first edition, published in 1962, covered the basic and ofspermfertilizability using zona..free hamsteregg (fresh or
comparative aspects ofreproductive physiology in a simpli.. frozen); motilitypatternasviewedbyvideotapemicroscopy;
fied manner to meet the needs of students in reproductive invitropenetrabilityofspermin bovinecervicalmucus; and
biology, veterinarymedicine, andanimalsciences.Thisob.. cryopreservationofembryos andsemenusing computerized
jective is maintained in the seventh edition, which repre.. freezers.Mostofthe investigationsreviewed in this edition
sents a condensed, concise treatise on the physiology and are based more onholisticresearch thanonresearch at the
biochemistry of reproduction of farm animals. The book is submicroscopic or molecular level. However, the excite..
divided into major sections and these, in turn, are loosely ment generated by recent advances in molecular biology
arrayed into two domains, the componentsofthereproduc.. and development tend to downgrade the value ofwhole..
tive system and the regulation of the reproductive process, animalresearch.Noattemptwasmadeto provideadetailed
fromthecontrolofovulationto theinitiationofparturition. bibliography, but a selected number of 'classicpapers and
The reader will note the profound differences among the review articles are listed at the end of each chapter.
various animalspecies. To address this issue we provided This edition could not have been revised without the
separate coverage of the major species, where this seemed cooperation of the contributing authors andtheir willing..
appropriate,sothatthestudentofreproductioncouldascer.. ness to follow the editorial guidelines. The chapters have
tain.the similarities and differences among them. been concisely edited, and the major concepts'have been
Duringthepastdecade there were significantadvances summarized in tables supplemented by line drawings and
in the main concepts of animal reproduction as a result of scanningelectronmicrographs.Allchaptershavebeencom..
modern biotechnology, such as the use of gonadotropin pletely revised and condensed. There have been numerous
releasinghormones and theiranalogs, assisted reproductive deletionsfrom thesixthedition,aswellasintegrationofnew
technologv/andrology (ARTA), genetics, molecular biol.. and modern concepts such as "growth factors," molecular
ogy, immunology, toxicology, and pharmacology. Five new biology, genetics,andinvitromicromanipulationofgametes
chapters have been added to the 7th edition: and embryos.
Sometabulatedappendicesinclude:chromosomenum..
1. Reproduction in Llamas and Alpacas bersandreproductiveabilityofbovine,caprinae,andequine
2. Genetic Engineering species andsome oftheirhybrids; preparationofphysiologic
3. Pharmacotoxologic Factors and Reproduction solutions,spermstains,tissueculturemedia,andcryoprotec..
4. Immunology of Reproduction tants. These appendices proved to be helpful for staging
5. Molecular Biology of Reproduction demonstrations, laboratory exercises, and training work..
shops for teachers, laboratory technicians, and students. It
Modern techniques of bioengineering of farm animals is hoped that the seventh edition will be of some help to
involve microinsemination, recombinationofDNA, andin undergraduate students in animal sciences and veterinary
vitromanipulation, transfer, and expressionofgenes. These medicine.
techniquesweregreatlyimprovedwiththeuseofcomputers,
microcomputers,andcommerciallyavailablediagnosticand B. Hafez/E.S.E. Hafez
analytical kits. A wide.variety of techniques have been Kiawah Island, South Carolina USA
employed for.the evaluation of semen, such as: evaluation March, 2000
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Included in the seventh edition, the contributions and the of the table of contents and detailed structure of several
valuable information were provided by: S.E. Abdelgadir, chapters. Sincere thanks are due to Ms. Donna Balado and
L.L. Anderson, A.E. Archibong, R.L. Ax, M. Dally, B.A. Crystal Taylor of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for their
Didion, D.P. Froman, D.L. Garner, R.D. Geisett, P.J. Han.. meticulous and painstaking efforts during the preparation
sen, J.D. Kirby, 8.S. Koide, R.W. Lenz, C.C. Love, J.R. of the book. Special thanks are also due to Vice President
Malayer, J.A. Proudman,J.Sumar,D.O. Varner, H. Wahid, Timothy Satterfield for his excellentcooperation and con..
and Professor M.R. Jainudeen, my friend and long..time tinued interest in the development of animal and veteri..
associate, who has contributed greatly to the improvement nary sciences.
vii
CONTRIBUTORS
S.E. Abdelgadir D.L. Garner
Asst. ProfessorofReproduction Endocrinology/Infertility Department ofAnimal Science
Director ofAndrology/Embryology School ofVeterinary Medicine
Department ofOB/GYN University ofNevada
University ofNevada School ofMedicine Mail Stop 202, Reno, Nevada 89557..0104 USA
LasVegas,Nevada 89102 USA 702..784..6135 (Tel) 702..784..1375 (Fax)
R.D. Geisert
L.L. Anderson
Division ofAgricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Department ofAnimal Science
Department ofAnimal Sciences
IowaState University
114Animal Science
11KildeeHall
Oklahoma State University
Ames, Iowa50011 USA
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078..6051 USA
405..744..6077 (Tel) 405..744..7390 (Fax)
A.E. Archibong
Director ofAndrology/Research B. Hafez.
Department ofOB/GYN and
Reproductive Health Center
Asst. Professor
78SurfsongRoad
Department ofAnatomy/Physiology
Kiawah Island, South Carolina 29455·USA
Meharry Medical College 843..768..5556 (Tel) 843..768..6494 (Fax)
Nashville, Tennessee 37208 USA
615..327..6284 (Tel) 615..327..6296 (Fax) E.S.E. Hafez.
Reproductive Health Center
R.L. Ax, Ph.D. IVFAndrology Laboratory
Professorand Head Department ofAnimal Science 78 SurfsongRoad
Adjunct Professor Kiawah Island, South Carolina 29455 USA
Department ofOB/GYN 843..768..5556 (Tel) 843..768..6494 (Fax)
University ofArizona Ivfreprodsaaol.com (e..mail)
Tucson, Arizona 85721..00038 USA
r.r.
Hansen
520..621..7623 (Tel) 520..621..9435 (Fax)
Department ofDairy/Poultry Sciences
Institute ofFood and Agricultural Sciences
M.R. Dally, Ph.D.
University ofFlorida
ProfessorofAnimal Science
Bldg.499, Shealy Drive
Hopland Research and Extension Center
PO Box 110920
University ofCalifornia
Gainesville; Florida 32611..0920 USA
Hopland, California 95449 USA
352..393..5590 (Tel) 352..392..5595 (Fax)
B.A. Didion, Ph.D. M.R.lainudeen
Dekalb Swine Breeders,Inc. University BusinessCentre
3100 Sycamore Road University Administration Building
Dekalb, Illinois 60115 USA 43400'UPM
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
D.P. Froman 603..948..5649 (Tel/Fax)
Department ofAnimal Sciences (Home Address)
Oregon State University 60Jalan SS 19/5B
112Withycombe Hall 47500 Subang Jaya,Selangor, Malaysia
Corvallis, Oregon 97331..6702 USA 603..734..5694 (Tel/Fax)
541..737..5060 (Tel) 541..737..4174 (Fax) [email protected] (e..mail)
ix
X CONTRIBUTORS
R. Juneja C.A. Pinkert
8402 Timberline Court The University of Alabama at Birmingham
MonmouthJunction, New Jersey 08852 USA Department of Comparative Medicine
732..422..8895 (Tel) 732..940..5711 (Fax) 227 Volker Hall
[email protected] (e..mail) 1670 University Boulevard
Birmingham, Alabama 35294..0019 USA
J.D. Kirby
205..934..9574 (Tel) 205..975..4390 (Fax)
Dept. of Animal Sciences
[email protected] (e..mail)
Oregon State University
J.A. Proudman
112 Withycombe Hall
Research Physiologist
Corvallis, Oregon 97331..6702 USA
Germplasm and Gamete Physiology Laboratory
541..737..5060 (Tel) 541..737..4174 (Fax)
Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute
S.S. Koide BARC..East
Population Council Building 262
1230 York Avenue Beltsville, Maryland 20705 USA
New York, New York 10021 USA 301..504..8094 (Tel) 301..504..8546 (Fax)
212..327..8731 (Tel) 212..327..7678 (Fax) [email protected] (e..mail)
J.B. Sumar
R.W. Lenz, Ph.D.
Avenida De Los Incas 1412
Sire Power, Inc.
Wanchaq, Cusco, Peru
R.R.2
51 (84) 224 614 (Tel) 51 (84) 221 632 (Fax)
Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania 18657 USA
D.D. Varner, D.V.M., M.S.
C.C. Love, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Diplomate
Diplomate
American College of Theriogenology
American College of Theriogenology
Department of Large Animal Medicine & Surgery
Department of Large Animal Medicine & Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843..4475 USA
College Station, Texas 77843..4475 USA
H. Wahid
J.R. Malayer Department of Veterinary Science
Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Clinical Studies
Department of Animal Science University Putra
114 Animal Science Malaysia, 43400
Oklahoma State University Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078..6051 USA 603..948..6101 X1829 (Tel) 603..948..6317 (Fax)
405..744..6077 (Tel) 405..744..7390 (Fax) [email protected] (e..mail)
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 7
Preface v
Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma 96
Acknowledgments vn D.L. Garner andE.S.E. Hafez
Contributors ix
CHAPTER 8
Fertilization and Cleavage 110
E.S.E. HafezandB. Hafez
PART I
Functional Anatomy of Reproduction
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 1 Implantation 126
Anatomy ofMale Reproduction 3 R.D. Geisert andI.R. Malayer
E.S.E. Hafez
CHAPTER 10
Gestation, Prenatal Physiology, and
CHAPTER 2
Anatomy ofFemale Reproduction 13 Parturition 140
M.R.lainudeen andE.S.E. Hafez
B. HafezandE.S.E. Hafez
PART III
PART II Reproductive Cycles 157
Physiology of Reproduction
31
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 3 Cattle and Buffalo 159
Hormones, Growth Factors, and M.R.lainudeen andE.S.E.Hafez
Reproduction 33
E.S.E. Hafez, M.R.lainudeen, andY. Rosnina
CHAPTER 12
Sheep and Goats 172
M.R.lainudeen, H. Wahid, andE.S.E. Hafez
CHAPTER 4
Reproductive Cycles 55
E.S.E. HafezandB. Hafez CHAPTER 13
Pigs 182
L.L. Anderson
CHAPTER 5
Folliculogenesis, Egg Maturation, and
CHAPTER 14
Ovulation 68
Horses 192
E.S.E. HafezandB•. Hafez
E.S.E. HafezandB. Hafez
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 15
Transport and Survival ofGametes 82 Llamas and Alpacas 218
E.S.E. HafezandB. Hafez I.B. Sumar
xi
xii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 24
Reproduction in Poultry: Male and Molecular Biology of Reproduction 354
Female 237 R.Juneja andS.S. Koide
D.P. Froman, J.D. Kirby, andJ.A. Proudman
VI
PART
IV Assisted Reproductive Technology 363
PART
Reproductive Failure
259
CHAPTER 25
Semen Evaluation 365
CHAPTER 17
R.L. Ax, M.R. Dally, B.A. Didion, R.W. Lenz,
Reproductive Failure in Females 261
C.C. Love, D.O. Varner, B. Hafez, andM.E. Bellin
M.R.Jainudeen and£.S.E. Hafez
CHAPTER 26
CHAPTER 18
Artificial Insemination 376
Reproductive Failure in Males 279
R.L. Ax, M.R. Dally, B.A. Didion, R.W. Lenz,
M.R.Jainudeen andB. Hafez
C.C. Love, D.O. Varner, B. Hafez, andM.E. Bellin
V CHAPTER 27
PART
X and YChromosome...Bearing
Physiopathologic Mechanisms
291
Spermatozoa 390
E.S.£. HafezandB. Hafez
CHAPTER 19
Reproductive Behavior 293
B. Hafez andE.S.E. Hafez
CHAPTER 28
Pregnancy Diagnosis 395
M.R.Jainudeen andE.S.E. Hafez
CHAPTER 20
Genetics of Reproductive Failure 307
Y. Rosnina, M.R.Jainudeen, andE.S.E. Hafez
CHAPTER 29
Ovulation Induction, Embryo Production and
Transfer 405
CHAPTER 21 M.R.Jainudeen, H. Wahid, andE.S.E. Hafez
Genetic Engineering ofFarm Mammals 318
C.A. Pinkert
CHAPTER 30
Preservation and Cryopreservation of Gametes
CHAPTER 22 and Embryos 431
Pharmacotoxicologic Factors and E.S.E. Hafez
Reproduction 331
A.E. Archibong andS.E. Abdelgadir
CHAPTER 31
Micromanipulation ofGametes and Embryos:
CHAPTER 23 In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer
Immunology of Reproduction 341 (IVFIET) 443
P.J. Hansen B. Hafezand£.S.E. Hafez
CONTENTS xiii
Glossary 467 ApPENDIX IV
Technique for Determining Spermatozoal
Glossary ofCommon Abbreviations 475 Concentration Using a Hemacytometer 481
ApPENDIX V
Appendices 477 Preparation ofSperm Stains 482
ApPENDIX VI
ApPENDIX I Preparation ofTrypsin for Zone-Free Hamster
Chromosome Numbers ofBovinae, Equinae, Ova 485
and Caprinae Species 477
ApPENDIX VII
Evaluation ofChromosomes of Ova 485
ApPENDIX II
Chromosome Numbers and Reproductive ApPENDIX VIII
Ability in Equine, Bovine, and Caprine BooklIVF Companies 486
Hybrids 478
ApPENDIX IX
In Vitro Fertilization by Microinjection 490
ApPENDIX III
Preparation ofPhysiologic Solutions 479 Index 497