Table Of ContentANALYSIS OF BLAST LOADING EFFECT ON REGULAR STEEL BUILDING
STRUCTURES
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BY
FATIH TAHMILCI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DECEMBER 2007
ANALYSIS OF BLAST LOADING EFFECT ON REGULAR STEEL
BUILDING STRUCTURES
Submitted by FATIH TAHMILCI in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East
Technical University by,
Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen __________________
Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences
Prof.Dr.Güney ÖZCEBE __________________
Head of Department, Civil Engineering
Asst.Prof.Dr. Alp Caner __________________
Supervisor, Civil Engineering Dept., METU
Examining Committee Members:
Assoc.Prof. Dr. Can BALKAYA __________________
Civil Engineering Dept.,METU
Asst.Prof.Dr. Alp Caner __________________
Supervisor, Civil Engineering Dept., METU
Assoc.Prof. Dr. İ.Özgür YAMAN __________________
Civil Engineering Dept., METU
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet TÜRER __________________
Civil Engineering Dept., METU
Gizem SEVGİLİ (M.Sc) __________________
ZMT Müh.
Date: (Thesis defense date)
PLAGIARISM
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare
that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced
all material and results that are not original to this work.
Name, Last name: Fatih TAHMİLCİ
Signature
iii
ABSTRACT
ANALYSIS OF BLAST LOADING EFFECT ON REGULAR STEEL BUILDING
STRUCTURES
Tahmilci, Fatih
M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering
Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Alp Caner
December 2007, 128 pages
Concern about effect of explosives effect on engineering structures evolved
after the damage of Second World War. Beginning from 90’s with the event of
bombing Alfred P. Murrah Federal building located in Oklahoma City this concern
deepened and with the attack to World Trade Center twin towers on September 11,
2001 it is peaked. Recent design codes mainly focus on earthquake resistant design
and strengthening of the structures. These code design methodologies may
sometimes satisfy current blast resistant design philosophy, but in general code
compliant designs may not provide recognizable resistance to blast effect. Therefore
designer should carry out earthquake resistant design with the blast resistant design
knowledge in mind in order to be able to select the most suitable framing scheme that
provide both earthquake and blast resistance. This is only possible if designer deeply
understands and interprets the blast phenomenon.
In this study, it is intended to introduce blast phenomenon, basic terminology,
past studies, blast loading on structures, blast structure interaction, analysis
methodologies for blast effect and analysis for blast induced progressive and
disproportionate collapse. Final focus is made on a case study that is carried out to
iv
determine whether a regular steel structures already designed according to Turkish
Earthquake Code 2007 requirements satisfy blast, thus progressive collapse
resistance requirements or not.
Keywords: Blast, Progressive collapse, Earthquake resistance, Steel structure.
v
ÖZ
DÜZENLİ ÇELİK BİNALARIN PATLAMA YÜKÜ ETKİSİ ALTINDA ANALİZİ
Tahmilci, Fatih
Master, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Yard.Doç.Dr. Alp Caner
Aralık 2007, 128 sayfa
Patlayıcı maddelerin mühendislik yapılarına yaptığı etki ile ilgili araştırmalar
ikinci dünya savaşının yaptığı tahribattan sonra mühendislerin ilgi alanına girmiştir.
Bu ilgi 90’ların başında Oklahama Şehrindeki Alfred P. Murrah Federal ofis
binasının bombalanması ile daha derinleşmiş ve 11 Eylül 2001’deki Dünya Ticaret
Merkezi İkiz Kulelerine yapılan saldırı ile doruk noktasına ulaşmıştır. Güncel tasarım
şartnameleri esas olarak yapıların depreme dayanıklı tasarımı veya güçlendirilmesi
üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu şartnamelerin tasarım metodları kimi zaman patlayıcı
etkisine dirençli tasarım felsefesi ile uyum göstermekle beraber genellikle depreme
dirençli tasarımlar patlayıcı etkisine karşı kayda değer bir direnç sağlamamaktadır.
Bu nedenle bir tasarımcı patlayıcı ve deprem etkilerine en fazla direnci sağlayacak
çerçeve sistemini seçmek için patlama etkisini de aklında bulundurarak tasarımını
gerçekleştirmelidir. Bu ise ancak tasarımcının derin bir patlayıcı etkisi bilgisine sahip
olması ve bunu tasarımına yansıtabilmesi ile mümkündür.
Bu çalışmada patlayıcı fenomeni, bununla ilgili temel terminoloji, geçmiş
çalışmalar, patlayıcı yüklemesi, patlayıcı ve yapı etkileşimi, patlama kaynaklı tedrici
ve orantısız çökme ve bunlara ilişkin analiz yöntemleri tanıtılıp açıklanmaya
vi
çalışılmıştır. Nihai vurgu ise daha önceden 2007 Afet yönetmeliği hükümlerine gore
tasarlanmış düzenli bir çelik yapının patlama etkisine, dolayısıyla tedrici çökmeye
direncini tespite ilişkin bir durum değerlendirmesi üzerine yapılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Patlama, Tedrici çökme analizi, Deprem dayanımı, Çelik yapılar.
vii
Her zaman ve her zorlukta yanımda olan abim Ahmet TAHMİLCİ ve biricik
Annem’e.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his supervisor Asst.Prof.Dr. Alp
Caner for his guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the
research. Additionally, for his supervision and for being helpful in every possible
ways during the master period at Middle East Technical University.
The author would also like to thank his dear friends Mr. Aziz Özdemir, Mr.Armağan
Aliusta, for their support and encouragement during the last turn of this research.
DEDICATION
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PLAGIARISM............................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................iv
ÖZ...............................................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................ix
DEDICATION............................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................xiv
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................xviii
CHAPTER 1.............................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................2
1.2 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY.........................................................6
1.3 OBJECT AND SCOPE........................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2...........................................................................................................11
2. EXPLOSION, BLAST, BLAST STRUCTURE INTERACTION........................11
2.1 EXPLOSIONS AND BLAST PHENOMENON...........................................11
2.2 EXPLOSIVE AIR BLAST LOADING.........................................................15
2.2.1 Blast Wave Scaling Laws...................................................................17
2.2.2 Prediction of Blast Pressure...............................................................17
2.2.3 Shock wave basics.............................................................................20
2.2.4 Seismic and Blast Effects on Structures............................................22
2.3 MATERIAL BEHAVIOR AT HIGH STRAIN-RATE.................................23
2.3.1 Dynamic Properties of Reinforcing Steel under High-Strain Rates...24
2.3.2 Modeling of Strain Rate Effect..........................................................25
2.4 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO BLAST LOADING.................................26
2.4.1 Elastic SDOF Systems.......................................................................28
2.4.2 Elasto-Plastic SDOF Systems............................................................30
x
Description:Recent design codes mainly focus on earthquake resistant design past studies, blast loading on structures, blast structure interaction, analysis Her zaman ve her zorlukta yanımda olan abim Ahmet TAHMİLCİ ve biricik 30 Pushover Curve, Capacity Curve, and Load Curve ……………………..86
