Table Of ContentAnalysis and Design of Bridges
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Senes presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO SCience
Committee, which alms at the dissemination of advanced sCientific and technological
knowledge, With a view to strengthening links between sCientific commUnities
The Series IS published by an International board of publishers In conjunction With the
NATO SCientific Affairs DIVISion
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston
0 Behavioural and Martlnus NIJhoff Publishers
Social Sciences The Hag ue/Boston/Lancaster
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Springer-Verlag
Systems Sciences Berlin/Heidelberg/New York
G Ecological Sciences
Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 74
Analysis and Design of Bridges
edited by
Cetin Y,lmaz
,
Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Middle East Technical University
Ankara, Turkey
s.
Tanvir Wasti
Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Middle East Technical University
Ankara, Turkey
1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
The Hague / Boston / Lancaster
Published In cooperation with NATO SCientifiC Affairs DIvIsion
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Analysis and Design of
Bridges, C;:e~me, Izmir, Turkey, June 28-July 9, 1982
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Analysis and design of bridges.
(NATO advanced science institutes series. Series E,
Applied sciences ; 74)
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Analysis and Design of Bridges held at Cesme and Izmir,
Turkey, June 28-Ju1y 9, 1982.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs
Division.
II
1. Bridges--Design--Congresses. I. Y11maz, ~etin.
II. Wast1, Syed Tanvir, 1941- • III. NATO Advanced
Study Institute on Analysis and Design of Bridges (1982
ge~me and izmir, Turkey) IV. North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. V. Series.
TG300.A58 1984 624' .25 83-25461
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6124-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6122-7
DO I: 10 .1007/978-94-009-6122-7
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Copyright © 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
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publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands
v
PREFACE
The Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Analysis and Design of Bridges held at ~e§me, lzmir, Turkey from
28 June 1982 to 9 July 1982 are contained in the present volume.
The Advanced Study Institute was attended by 37 lecturers and
participants from 10 different countries. The Organizing Committee
consisted of Professors P. Gtilkan, A. C. Scordelis, S.T. Wasti and
9. Yl.lmaz.
The guidelines set by NATO for the Advanced Study Institute
require it to serve not only as an efficient forum for the
dissemination of available advanced knowledge to a selected group
of qualified people but also as a platform for the exploration of
future research possibilities in the scientific or engineering
areas concerned. The main topics covered by the present Advanced
Study Institute were the mathematical modelling of bridges for
better analysis and the scientific assessment of bridge behaviour
for the introduction of improved design procedures. It has been
our observation that as a result of the range and depth of the
lectures presented and the many informal discussions that took place,
ideas became fissile, the stimulus never flagged and many gaps in
the engineering knowledge of the participants were "bridged".
Here we particularly wish to mention that valuable informal presenta
tions of research work were made during the course of the Institute
by Drs. Friedrich, Karaesmen, Lamas and Parker. Contributing
tangibly to the success of the Advanced Study Institute were the
several opportunities for social get-togethers in which the ladies
a Iso took part.
The editing of the proceedings has entailed a moderate amount
of work in the case of a few manuscripts and only very slight
interference with some others. In general the proceedings faithfully
represent the lectures as transmuted from the spoken to the written
word by the lecturers themselves. Unfortunately Professor B.T. Yenis
contribution was not received in time for publication.
Inspite of the inevitable overlapping, it has been found
suitable and convenient to group the lectures under the following
five main headings :
I. Design Considerations
II. Analysis Methods for Steel Bridges
III. Concrete Slab and Box Girder Bridges
IV. Dynamics and Vibration
V. Earthquake and Wind Effects
The lectures in the present volume cover an impressive range
of subjects and it is our hope L1at they will of use to a large
number of engineers and researchers in civil, structural and bridge
engineering.
VI
While the manuscripts were being assembled for the
publishers, we learnt with shock and dismay of the tragic death
(in December 1982) of Professor Conrad P. Heins, Jr. in an a~r
crash in China. Conrad iiConnieii i1eins was Professor at the University
of Maryland, a well known researcher in Bridge Engineering and a
dynamic personality. Characteristically, he was one of the first
lecturers to send us his manuscripts. R.I.P.
We wish to take this opportunity to thank the many individuals
and organizations whose assistance contributed to the success of
the Advanced Study Institute.
1 • The NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Brussels, Belgium
for substantially funding the Institute.
2. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey for
providing facilities and services.
3. AFA Prefabrike Beton Sanayi ve Ticaret A.§., tzmir, Turkey
for generously hosting social and technical activities.
4. yUKSEL PROJE, A.§., Ankara, Turkey for hosting social
events and funding services.
5. SETAN Engineering Consultants, Ankara, Turkey for funding
.
serv~ces
6. BMB (United Engineering Consulting Group Co. Ltd.)
Ankara, Turkey for funding services.
Last, but certainly not least, the book in your hands has
been produced with care and skill by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
The Hague. The Netherlands. We would like to thank them for their
patience and understanding and, especially, for the prompt cooper
ation we received from Mrs. Henny Hoogervorst.
Ankara t;:ETtN YILMAZ
April 1983 S. TANVIR WAS TI
Edi tors
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface v
I. DESIGN CONSIDERATIOr.rS
Christian Menn
Prestressing of Curved Bridges 3
Fritz Leonhardt
Certain Aspects of Bridge Design 23
II. ANALYSIS METHODS FOR STEEL BRIDGES
Ce lal Kos tern
Overloading and Inelastic Response of Steel Multigirder
Bridges 49
Con rad P. He ins
Steel Curved I and Box Girder Design and Analysis 57
H. Roy Evans
Simplified Methods for the Analysis and Design of
Bridges of Cellular Cross-section 95
III. CONCRETE SLAB AND BOX GIRDE R BRIDGES
Alex C. Scordelis
Berkeley Computer Programs for the Analysis of Concrete
Box Girder Bridges 119
S. Tanvir l,vasti and Alex C. Scordelis
Comparative Structural Behavior of Straight, Curved and
Skew Reinforced Concrete Box Girder Bridge Models 191
Celal Kostem
Lateral Live Load Distribution ~n Prestressed Concrete
Highway Bridges 213
Christ ian Menn
Skew Slab Bridges 225
VIII
IV. DYNAMICS AND VIdRATION
Nuri Akka§ and ~etin YLlrnaz
Fluid-Structure Interaction in Analysis of Bridge piers.
Part I : Theoretical Preliminaries 243
~etin YLlrnaz and Nuri Akka§
Fluid-Structure Interaction in Analysis of Bridge Piers.
Part II : Nurrerical Approach 259
Etienne Zeller
Vibrations and Dynamic Behaviour of Actual Bridges 285
V. EARTH':lUAKE AND WIND EFFECTS
Con rad P. He ins
Seismic Design of Highway Bridges 343
Polat Giilkan
Analysis and Design of Bridges for Earthquake
Effects 375
Etienne Zeller
Wind Loads on Bridge Structures 415
List of Participants 449
I. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3
PRESTRESSING OF CURVED BRIDGES
Christian Menn
Professor fur Baustatik und Konstruktion
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule
Zurich
SUMMARY
A review of some structural concepts, prestressing schemes,
analysis methods, and fundamental behavior of curved prestressed
concrete bridges is presented.
The application of several structural schemes to curved
bridges is presented. Equilibrium requirements, the effect of
moment redistribution on equilibrium requirements, and the effects
of external constraints are reviewed.
An approximate method for the analysis of curved girder bridges
is developed. A comparison with an elasticity solution demonstrates
the applicability of the method.
Based on the structural requirements and approximate analysis
method presented, optimal prestressing requirements for the
equalization of torsion in simple- and continuous-span curved
prestressed box girder bridges are developed.
