Analysis and Characterization of Ancillary Service Demand Response Strategies for Variable Air ...

143 Pages·2013·29.17 MB·English

Analysis and Characterization of
Ancillary Service Demand Response Strategies for
Variable Air Volume HVAC Systems
by
David H. Blum
BachelorsofArchitecturalEngineering
DepartmentofArchitecturalEngineering,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,2011
SubmittedtotheDepartmentofArchitecture
inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeof
MasterofScienceinBuildingTechnology
atthe
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
June,2013
(cid:13)c 2013MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.
Allrightsreserved.
SignatureofAuthor:
DepartmentofArchitecture
May10th,2013
Certifiedby:
LeslieK.Norford
ProfessorofBuildingTechnology
ThesisSupervisor
Acceptedby:
TakehikoNagakura
AssociateProfessorofDesignandComputation
ChairoftheDepartmentCommitteeonGraduateStudents

AnalysisandCharacterizationof
AncillaryServiceDemandResponseStrategiesfor
VariableAirVolumeHVACSystems
by
DavidH.Blum
SubmittedtotheDepartmentofArchitecture
onMay10,2013inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthe
DegreeofMasterofScienceinBuildingTechnology
Abstract
Outputvariabilityandpredictiondifficultieswithrespecttosolarandwindelectricityresourcesincrease
therequirementofgrid-scalereservecapacityandaddstraintoexistingfirmgeneratorsusedforreserves
and other ancillary services. Residential and commercial buildings account for a large portion of the
electricity consumed in the U.S. and can play a significant role in smart grids to help meet challenges
brought about by intermittent renewable generation. High resolution power consumption and HVAC
performance data measured in a real building was used to identify real-world operational qualities of
VAV systems to be considered by building researchers and building practitioners. This includes the
relativemagnitudeofbuildingpowerloads,thedirectandindirectrelationshipsbetweenenvironmental
conditionsandHVACpowerconsumption,thediscreteoperationofstagedorcycledpowerloads,andthe
presenceofHVACoperationalfaults. Also,threestaticpressureadjustmenttestswereperformedovera
onedayperiod. Resultsshowedthatfanandterminalunitcontrollersrespondedwithintwominutesand
systemairflowratewasstronglyrelatedtopowerconsumption.
DynamicmodelswerecreatedinordertosimulatetheperformanceofaVAVsystemprovidingspinning
reserves by four different common demand response strategies: zone air dry bulb temperature setpoint
adjustment (ZDBA), duct static pressure setpoint adjustment (SPA), supply air temperature adjustment
(STA), and chilled water temperature adjustment (CWA). Simulations were run over ranges of imple-
mentation and cooling load intensities and the results were used to create characteristic curves for each
strategy, which map performance in terms of system power consumption reduction, system airflow re-
duction,andzonetemperaturerise. Inflectionpointsonthecurvesthatdelineateperformanceeffective-
ness are found to result from maximum or minimum terminal unit damper positions. In the future, the
development of mathematical functional forms of these characterization curves could help predict and
optimizetheperformanceofVAVsystemsinprovidingancillaryservicestoelectricitynetworks.
ThesisSupervisor: LeslieK.Norford
Title: ProfessorofBuildingTechnology
3

Acknowledgments
ThisworkhasbeensupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationEFRI-SEEDaward1038230.
I am grateful to have performed this work under the supervision of Dr. Leslie K. Norford. In both aca-
demicsandresearch,hehasallowedmetopursuemyinterestswithmotivating,yetpatient,mentoring.
Research is not possible without helpful contributions and generous donations of time and energy from
others. Thank you Dr. Michael Caramanis, Dr. John Baillieul, Dr. Michael Gevelber, Bowen Zhang,
PaulGallagher,andBUfacilitiesforyoureffortstocollectandsharedatafromourtestbuildingaswell
asprovidefeedbackandguidanceformyresearch. ThankyoualsotoJohnBattehandMagnusGäfvert
ofModelonandtoConnorBloodofTrane,Inc. foryourtechnicalsupportofthiswork.
I have received invaluable guidance and education from the entire Building Technology faculty as well
as faculty members from the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Life at MIT would not be the
same without the humor and support from friends and colleagues from around the institute, including
mycolleaguesintheBuildingTechnologyLab,pastandpresent,theMisfits,andtheMightyDucts. An
additional thank you to Kathleen Ross, whose commitment and spirit makes every day of work both
easierandenjoyable.
AspecialthankyoutoTea,Ale,Bruno,Jin,Brian,andLeon. Youradvice,support,encouragement,and
friendshipfromthestarthashelpedmesettlecomfortablyintolifeasagraduatestudentinBT,MIT,and
Boston.
TomyMomandDad,brothersEthanandJake,GrandpopPeteandallofmyextendedfamily,thankyou
for providing a foundation of love, support, encouragement, and excitement that inspires me to do my
bestineverythingthatIdoeverysingleday.
ToGrandmomJean,GrandpopLloyd,andGrandmomEsther,alwaysinyourlovingmemory.
5
Table of Contents
ListofFigures 9
ListofTables 12
1 Introduction 13
1.1 ModernElectricGrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 GrowthandImpactofWindandSolarGeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 TheRoleofBuildingHVACSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 ThesisObjectivesandStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 LiteratureReview 22
2.1 ElectricityMarketOperations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 DemandResponsevs. EnergyEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 DemandResponseResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4 DemandResponseImplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 TestBuildingAnalysis 40
3.1 BuildingOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 ConsiderationsfromSummertimeOperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 ConsiderationsfromaDuctStaticPressureAdjustmentTest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 VAVSystemModelingForAncillaryServiceSimulations 60
4.1 ModelRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6
TABLEOFCONTENTS
4.2 EnergyPlus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 TRNSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4 Modelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5 Simulations 72
5.1 SystemDesignandModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.2 SimulatedSystemPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.3 CurtailmentCharacterizationSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.4 CurtailmentCharacterizationResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6 ConclusionsandFutureWork 110
References 113
AppendixA SimulationModels 121
A.1 VAVSystem-TopLevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.2 SupplyFan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.3 SupplyFanPowerModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.4 SupplyFanController. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A.5 CoolingCoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A.6 AHUResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A.7 SupplyDuctSplitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A.8 TerminalUnit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A.9 TerminalUnitController . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A.10 DiffuserResistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A.11 ThermalZones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A.12 ReturnDuctSplitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
A.13 ChilledWaterIdealFlowSourceandSink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7
TABLEOFCONTENTS
A.14 ChilledWaterFlowSplitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
A.15 ChilledWaterModulatingValve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
A.16 ChilledWaterValveController . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
AppendixB EquipmentSpecificationsandPerformance 139
8
List of Figures
1.1 MapofregionalelectricitynetworkoperatorsintheU.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2 DiagramofSystemMarginalPrice(SMP)determinationduringday-aheadenergymarkets . 16
1.3 DistributionofprojectedrenewablegeneratingcapacityintheU.S.intheyear2020 . . . . . 17
1.4 DistributionofU.S.electricityconsumptionin2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1 TimelineofelectricitymarketoperationforISONewEngland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1 DiagramoftestbuildingHVACsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Diagramofelectricalpanelrecordingsystemfortestbuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 RealpowerconsumptionoftestbuildingdistributionpanelsforoneweekinJuly,2012 . . . 46
3.4 EnvironmentandHVACperformancemeasurementsfromtestbuildingforoneweekinJuly,
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5 RealpowermeasurementsfromthechillerandGPNH2distributionpanelsinthetestbuild-
ingforJuly17th,2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 Environmentandmaindistributionpanelmeasurementsfromtestbuildingduringstaticpres-
sureadjustmenttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.7 HVACperformancemeasurementsfromtestbuildingduringstaticpressureadjustmenttest . 53
3.8 Terminalunitmeasurementsfromtestbuildingduringstaticpressureadjustmenttest . . . . 54
3.9 Comparison of power reduction to air flowrate reduction in the test building during static
pressureadjustmenttests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.1 SingledaysimulationinEnergyPluswithzoneairtemperaturesetpointadjustment . . . . . 63
4.2 TRNSYSdynamicflownetworktrialsetups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3 ResultsofthesuccessfulTRNSYSsimulationofthetwoflowsplitnetwork . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 SetupforthefourflowsplitnetworktrialinDymola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9
LISTOFFIGURES
4.5 ResultsofthesuccessfulDymolasimulationofthefourflowsplitnetwork . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.1 RepresentativeVAVsystemusedfordemandresponsesimulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 Thermalzonelayoutwithassumedplacementofroundceilingdiffusers . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3 Terminalunitcontrolandoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4 Simulatedperformanceofthesupplyfan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.5 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeincoolingload . . . . . 86
5.6 Simulated response of a representative VAV system to a step change in duct static pressure
setpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.7 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeinzoneairtemperature
setpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.8 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeinsupplyairtemperature
setpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.9 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeinchilledwatertemper-
aturesetpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.10 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeinzoneairtemperature
setpoint from 22 ◦C to 26 ◦C at thermal zone cooling load intensities of 9300 W, 6300 W,
and3300W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.11 ReductionmagnitudecharacterizationcurvesforZDBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.12 NormalizedreductioncharacterizationcurvesforZDBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.13 Simulated response of a representative VAV system to a step change in duct static pressure
setpointfrom373.2Pato186.6Paatthermalzonecoolingloadintensitiesof9300W,6300
W,and3300W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.14 ReductionmagnitudecharacterizationcurvesforSPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.15 NormalizedreductioncharacterizationcurvesforSPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.16 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeinsupplyairtemperature
setpointfrom12.78◦Cto16.78◦Catthermalzonecoolingloadintensitiesof9300W,6300
W,and3300W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.17 ReductionmagnitudecharacterizationcurvesforSTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.18 NormalizedreductioncharacterizationcurvesforSTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.19 SimulatedresponseofarepresentativeVAVsystemtoastepchangeinchilledwatertemper-
ature setpoint from 6 ◦C to 10 ◦C at thermal zone cooling load intensities of 9300 W, 6300
W,and3300W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.20 ReductionmagnitudecharacterizationcurvesforCWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.21 NormalizedreductioncharacterizationcurvesforCWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10