Analog VLSI: Circuits and Principles

456 Pages·2002·8.13 MB·English

by  Shih-Chii Liu

AnalogVLSI: Circuits and Principles
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AnalogVLSI: Circuits and Principles
Shih-ChiiLiu,Jo¨rgKramer,GiacomoIndiveri,TobiasDelbru¨ck,and
RodneyDouglas
withcontributionsfromAlbertBergemont,ChrisDiorio,CarverA.
Mead,BradleyA.Minch,RahulSarpeshkar,andEricVittoz.
ABradfordBook
TheMITPress
Cambridge,Massachusetts
London,England
c 2002MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
(cid:13)
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic
ormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorage andretrieval)
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
ThisbookwassetinTimesRomanbytheauthorsusingtheLATEXdocumentpreparationsystem.
PrintedonrecycledpaperandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Analog VLSI : circuits and principles / Shih-Chii Liu ... [et al.] with contributions from Albert
Bergemont ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-12255-3 (hc. : alk. paper)
1. Integrated circuits, Very large scale integration. 2. Linear integrated circuits. I. Liu,
Shih-Chii.
TK7874.75 .A397 2002
621.39'5—dc21
2002021915
Thisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofourcreativecolleagueandfriend,
MishaMahowald,whowasapioneerandaninspirationinthisfield.
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Contents
AuthorsandContributors xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvii
Foreword xix
1 Introduction 1
I SILICONANDTRANSISTORS
2 SemiconductorDevicePhysics-Jo¨rgKramer 7
2.1 CrystalStructure 7
2.2 EnergyBandDiagrams 9
2.3 CarrierConcentrationsatThermalEquilibrium 13
2.4 ImpurityDoping 15
2.5 CurrentDensities 19
2.6 p-nJunctionDiode 24
2.7 TheMetal-Insulator-SemiconductorStructure 35
3 MOSFETCharacteristics-Shih-ChiiLiuandBradley
A.Minch 47
3.1 MOSFETStructure 48
3.2 Current–VoltageCharacteristicsofannFET 52
3.3 Current–VoltageCharacteristicsofapFET 70
3.4 Small-SignalModelatLowFrequencies 71
3.5 Second-OrderEffects 75
3.6 NoiseandTransistorMatching 80
3.7 Appendices 81
4 Floating-GateMOSFETs-ChrisDiorio 93
4.1 Floating-GateMOSFETs 93
4.2 SynapseTransistors 98
4.3 SiliconLearningArrays 107
4.4 Appendices 116
Contents
AuthorsandContributors xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvii
Foreword xix
1 Introduction 1
I SILICONANDTRANSISTORS
2 SemiconductorDevicePhysics-Jo¨rgKramer 7
2.1 CrystalStructure 7
2.2 EnergyBandDiagrams 9
2.3 CarrierConcentrationsatThermalEquilibrium 13
2.4 ImpurityDoping 15
2.5 CurrentDensities 19
2.6 p-nJunctionDiode 24
2.7 TheMetal-Insulator-SemiconductorStructure 35
3 MOSFETCharacteristics-Shih-ChiiLiuandBradley
A.Minch 47
3.1 MOSFETStructure 48
3.2 Current–VoltageCharacteristicsofannFET 52
3.3 Current–VoltageCharacteristicsofapFET 70
3.4 Small-SignalModelatLowFrequencies 71
3.5 Second-OrderEffects 75
3.6 NoiseandTransistorMatching 80
3.7 Appendices 81
4 Floating-GateMOSFETs-ChrisDiorio 93
4.1 Floating-GateMOSFETs 93
4.2 SynapseTransistors 98
4.3 SiliconLearningArrays 107
4.4 Appendices 116
viii Contents
II STATICS
5 BasicStaticCircuits-Jo¨rgKramer 123
5.1 Single-TransistorCircuits 124
5.2 Two-TransistorCircuits 127
5.3 DifferentialPairandTransconductanceAmplifier 133
5.4 Unity-GainFollower 142
6 Current-ModeCircuits-GiacomoIndiveriandTobias
Delbru¨ck 145
6.1 TheCurrentConveyor 145
6.2 TheCurrentNormalizer 148
6.3 Winner-Take-AllCircuits 150
6.4 ResistiveNetworks 164
6.5 CurrentCorrelatorandBumpCircuit 168
7 AnalysisandSynthesisofStaticTranslinearCircuits
-BradleyA.Minch 177
7.1 TheIdealTranslinearElement 179
7.2 TranslinearSignalRepresentations 181
7.3 TheTranslinearPrinciple 183
7.4 ABC’sofTranslinear-Loop–CircuitSynthesis 195
7.5 TheMultiple-InputTranslinearElement 202
7.6 Multiple-InputTranslinearElementNetworks 205
7.7 AnalysisofMITENetworks 210
7.8 ABC’sofMITE-NetworkSynthesis 216
III DYNAMICS
8 LinearSystemsTheory-GiacomoIndiveri 231
8.1 LinearShift-InvariantSystems 231
8.2 Convolution 234