Analog Filters in Nanometer CMOS

172 Pages·2014·3.361 MB·English

by  Kolm, Robert.;Uhrmann, Heimo.;Zimmermann, Horst

Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics
Volume 45
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ProfessorTakayasuSakurai,Minato-ku,Tokyo,Japan
ProfessorWillyM.Sansen,Leuven,Belgium
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Heimo Uhrmann (cid:2) Robert Kolm (cid:2)
Horst Zimmermann
Analog Filters
in Nanometer
CMOS
HeimoUhrmann HorstZimmermann
EMCE EMCE
ViennaUniversityofTechnology ViennaUniversityofTechnology
Vienna,Austria Vienna,Austria
RobertKolm
EMCE
ViennaUniversityofTechnology
Vienna,Austria
ISSN1437-0387 SpringerSeriesinAdvancedMicroelectronics
ISBN978-3-642-38012-9 ISBN978-3-642-38013-6(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-38013-6
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Preface
Thisbookdescribescircuitengineeringeffortsformodernmobilecommunication.
Electroniccircuitsforlatestmassapplicationslikemobilephonesandsmartphones
arerealizedasso-calledsystemsonchip(SoC).SuchSoCsarerealizedinnanome-
terCMOStechnologyandcontainalotofdigitalcircuitsfordigitalsignalprocess-
ing but they also contain analog circuits which often form the key devices for a
goodover-allperformance.Theimportanceofanalogfiltersnowadaysisoftenun-
derestimated.Theyare,however,stillnecessarytoobtainhigh-performancewireless
receiversandtransmitters.
In fact, progress in CMOS technology and circuit design allows the revolution
inmodernmobilecommunication.Everytenyears,anewmobilephonegeneration
is introduced. Recently, LTE (Long Term Evolution) was started by telecom com-
paniestoformthe4thgenerationofmobilephones.Upto100Mbit/sarepossible
withLTEfordownloads,whichisamuchhigherdataratethanwithHSPA+.
Inthe1990s,GSMallowedmobilephonecallsandSMS.Aroundtheyear2000,
themobilephonesbecamecapableofusingtheinternetalthoughrequiringalotof
patience. Today, mobile internet on the smart phone and via data sticks is part of
thedailylife.Currentlyasmartphoneboomhappens.Mobilebroadbandaccessis
expectedtogrowbyafactorofmorethan20until2015.Thiswillinvolvedatarates
thatcannotbehandledbyUMTSandHSPA+.Thecurrentanswertothischallenge
is LTE as a standard for mobile communication. In practice, faster transmission
of electronic mails with large attachments, fast downloads of music (one song in
2 seconds) and HD videos (in less than 30 minutes), web-video conferences, and
onlinegaming(withresponsetimesbelow20ms)willbecomepossible.
Tomakeallthispossibleforamassmarket,analogcircuitdesigninnanometer
CMOS technology is a very important key factor. This book concentrates on one
sub-topicofanalogcircuitdesign,i.e.onanalogfilters.Startingfromthebasicsof
analogfiltersandthepoortransistorcharacteristicsinnanometerCMOS,10high-
performanceanalogfiltersdevelopedbytheauthorsin120nmand65nmCMOSare
describedextensively.Amongthemareg -Cfilters,current-modefilters,andactive
m
filtersforsystem-on-chiprealizationforBluetooth,WCDMA,UWB,DVB-H,and
LTEapplications.Fortheactivefiltersseveraloperationalamplifierdesignsarede-
v
vi Preface
scribed. The book, furthermore, contains a review of the newest state of research
on low-voltage low-power analog filters. To cover the topic of the book compre-
hensively,linearizationissuesandmeasurementmethodsforthecharacterizationof
advancedanalogfiltersareintroducedinaddition.
Thisbookintroducesnewestresultsofdevelopmentofanalogfiltersinnanome-
terCMOSanddescribesmethodshowtodealsuccessfullywiththenanometerhell
ofphysics.Numerousdetailedcircuitdiagramsandplotsofmeasuredresultsallow
afastcomprehension.
The authors would like to thank their colleagues at the Institute of Electro-
dynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering at Vienna University of Technol-
ogy for fruitful discussions and valuable support, especially Franz Schlögl and
Kurt Schweiger. Furthermore special thanks are directed to A. Bertl, C. Sandner,
L.Dörrer,Th.Hartig,M.HaasandR.PetschacherfromInfineonTechnologiesAus-
triaAGinVillachfortheirfinancialandtechnicalsupportaswellastheopportunity
tousethedesignenvironment.
Vienna,Austria HeimoUhrmann
RobertKolm
HorstZimmermann
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 AnalogFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 FilterClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 AnalogandDigitalFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 ActiveandPassiveFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.3 LumpedandDistributedFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 AnalogFilterTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1 Low-PassFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2 High-PassFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.3 Band-PassFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.4 Band-StopFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.5 All-PassFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.6 EqualizationFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 FilterApproximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 ButterworthFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.2 ChebyshevorEquirippleFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.3 InverseChebyshevFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.4 EllipticorCauerFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.5 BesselFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 CMOSTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 SystemonChip(SoC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.1 ScalinginDigitalCMOSTechnology—ARetrospection . . 14
3.1.2 ScalinginDigitalCMOSTechnology—Today . . . . . . . 15
3.1.3 ChallengesofScalingwithRespecttoAnalogCircuits . . . 16
3.2 0.12µmCMOSTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 65nmCMOSTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 OperationalTransconductanceAmplifiers(OTAs) . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1 LinearizationTechniquesforOTAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 OTABasedonaSuper-Source-FollowerConfiguration . . . . . . . 33
vii
viii Contents
4.3 DigitallyProgrammableOTAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4 Common-ModeFeedbackLoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5 BufferAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6 RealizationofanOTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5 G -CFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
m
5.1 FilterTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.2 PerformanceofFilters—FigureofMerit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3 State-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4 RequirementsfortheImplementedG -CFiltersandApplications
m
inUltra-Wideband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.5 ArchitecturesofG -CFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
m
5.6 ImplementedCircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.6.1 RealizedG -CFilter1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
m
5.6.2 RealizedG -CFilter2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
m
5.6.3 RealizedG -CFilter3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
m
5.7 ConsiderationsaboutMismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.8 ComparisonwiththeState-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6 Current-ModeFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1 Current-ModeTechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2 Current-ModeFiltersBasedonCurrentMirrors . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.3 FilterProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.4 MotivationandApplicationsinBluetoothandWidebandCode
DivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.5 State-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.6 RealizationofCurrent-ModeFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.6.1 Current-InputVoltage-OutputFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.6.2 CurrentInput/OutputFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.6.3 Current-ModeFiltersBasedontheG -CTopology . . . . 83
m
6.6.4 A3rd-OrderCurrent-ModeContinuous-TimeLow-Pass
FilterUsingaChipAreaSavingStrategy . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.6.5 A Chip Area Saving 3rd-Order Current-Mode
Continuous-TimeLow-PassFilterwithVirtualGround
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.6.6 A3rd-OrderLow-VoltageCurrent-ModeContinuous-
TimeLow-PassFilterUsingCapacitanceMultiplication
andVirtualGroundRegulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.7 ComparisontotheState-of-the-Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7 OperationalAmplifierRCLow-PassFilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.1 MotivationandApplicationinDVB-HandLTE . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2 OperationalAmplifiers—AnOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.3 CharacterizationofOperationalAmplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.4 Challenges for Operational Amplifier Design
inNanometerCMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Contents ix
7.5 State-of-the-ArtofOperationalAmplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.6 State-of-the-ArtofVoltage-ModeFilters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.7 RealizationofOperationalAmplifiersandOperationalAmplifier
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.7.1 AFour-StageFeed-ForwardOperationalAmplifier . . . . . 129
7.7.2 AFirst-OrderOperationalAmplifierRCLow-PassFilter
UsingaFour-StageFeed-ForwardOperationalAmplifier . 132
7.7.3 A Four-Stage Multiple Feed-Forward Operational
Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.7.4 AFirst-OrderOperationalAmplifierRCLow-PassFilter
UsingaFour-StageMultipleFeed-ForwardOperational
Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.7.5 Three-StageHigh-VoltageOperationalAmplifierin65nm
CMOSat2.5VSupplyVoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.7.6 Mixer and Filter Combination Using a Three-Stage
High-VoltageOperationalAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.8 ComparisontoState-of-the-ArtofOperationalAmplifiers . . . . . 147
7.9 ComparisontoState-of-the-ArtofVoltage-ModeFilters . . . . . . 151
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Nomenclature
C Loadcapacitance
L
C Gateoxidecapacitance
OX
CMFB Common-modefeedback
CMRR Common-moderejectionratio
dBc Decibelsrelativetothecarrier
DR Dynamicrange
DVB-H Digitalvideobroadcast—handheld
DVB-T Digitalvideobroadcast—terrestrial
f −3dBcut-offfrequency
c
f Transitfrequency
T
FOM Figureofmerit
g Outputconductance
DS
g Transconductance
m
GBW Gain-bandwidthproduct
HD3 3rd-orderharmonicdistortions
I Saturationcurrent
dsat
IIP3 Inputthird-orderinterceptpoint
IM3 3rd-orderintermodulations
IP3 3rd-orderinterceptpoint
L Gatelength
LP Low-power
N Filterorder
NF Noisefigure
OFDM Orthogonalfrequencydivisionmultiplex
OIP3 Outputthird-orderinterceptpoint
opamp Operationalamplifier
P Powerconsumption
PM Phasemargin
PSRR Powersupplyrejectionratio
Q Qualityfactor
rms Rootmeansquare
xi