Analog and Mixed-Signal Electronics

538 Pages·2015·3.58 MB·English

by  Karl Stephan

AnAlog And Mixed‐
SignAl electronicS

AnAlog And Mixed‐
SignAl electronicS
KArl d. StephAn
Texas State University, San Marcos
Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:
Stephan, Karl David, 1953–
Analog and mixed-signal electronics / Karl D. Stephan.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-78266-8 (cloth)
1. Electronic circuits. 2. Mixed signal circuits. I. Title.
TK7867.S84 2015
621.3815–dc23
2014050119
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2015
contentS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
About the companion Website xv
1 Introduction to Analog and Mixed-Signal electronics 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Organization of the Book, 3
1.2.1 Chapter 2: Basics of Electronic Components and Devices, 3
1.2.2 Chapter 3: Linear System Analysis, 3
1.2.3 Chapter 4: Nonlinearities in Analog Electronics, 3
1.2.4 Chapter 5: Op Amp Circuits in Analog Electronics, 4
1.2.5 Chapter 6: The High‐Gain Analog Filter Amplifier, 4
1.2.6 Chapter 7: Waveform Generation, 4
1.2.7 Chapter 8: Analog‐to‐Digital and Digital‐to‐Analog Conversion, 4
1.2.8 Chapter 9: Phase‐Locked Loops, 4
1.2.9 Chapter 10: Power Electronics, 5
1.2.10 Chapter 11: High‐Frequency (Radio‐Frequency) Electronics, 5
1.2.11 Chapter 12: Electromagnetic Compatibility, 6
Bibliography, 6
Problems, 6
2 Basics of electronic components and Devices 8
2.1 Introduction, 8
2.2 Passive Devices, 9
2.2.1 Resistors, 9
vi CONTENTS
2.2.2 Capacitors, 11
2.2.3 Inductors, 12
2.2.4 Connectors, 13
2.2.5 Antennas, 14
2.3 Active Devices, 15
2.3.1 Diodes, 15
2.3.2 Field‐Effect Transistors, 17
2.3.3 BJTs, 22
2.3.4 Power Devices, 24
Bibliography, 29
Problems, 30
3 Linear Systems Analysis 33
3.1 Basics of Linear Systems, 33
3.1.1 Two-Terminal Component Models, 34
3.1.2 Two‐Port Matrix Analysis, 42
3.2 Noise and Linear Systems, 48
3.2.1 Sources of Noise, 49
3.2.2 Noise in Designs, 53
Bibliography, 56
Problems, 56
Project Problem: Measurement of Inductor Characteristics, 59
Equipment and Supplies, 59
Description, 59
4 nonlinearities in Analog electronics 62
4.1 Why All Amplifiers Are Nonlinear, 62
4.2 Effects of Small Nonlinearity, 63
4.2.1 Second‐Order Nonlinearity, 63
4.2.2 Third‐Order Nonlinearity, 67
4.3 Large‐Scale Nonlinearity: Clipping, 69
4.4 The Big Picture: Dynamic Range, 74
Bibliography, 76
Problems, 76
5 op Amp circuits in Analog electronics 78
5.1 Introduction, 78
5.2 The Modern Op Amp, 80
5.2.1 Ideal Equivalent‐Circuit Model, 80
5.2.2 Internal Block Diagram of Typical Op Amp, 81
5.2.3 Op Amp Characteristics, 85
5.3 Analog Circuits Using Op Amps, 88
5.3.1 Linear Op Amp Circuits, 92
5.3.2 Nonlinear Op Amp Circuits, 105
CONTENTS vii
Bibliography, 115
Problems, 115
6 the High‐Gain Analog Filter Amplifier 124
6.1 Applications of High‐Gain Filter Amplifiers, 124
6.1.1 Audio‐Frequency Applications, 125
6.1.2 Sensor Applications, 126
6.2 Issues in High‐Gain Amplifier Design, 130
6.2.1 Dynamic‐Range Problems, 130
6.2.2 Oscillation Problems, 131
6.3 Poles, Zeroes, Transfer Functions, and All That, 134
6.4 Passive Analog Filters, 137
6.4.1 One‐Pole Lowpass Filter, 137
6.4.2 One‐Pole, One‐Zero Highpass Filter, 141
6.4.3 Complex‐Pole Bandpass Filter, 143
6.4.4 Bandstop Filters, 149
6.5 Active Analog Filters, 149
6.5.1 Sallen–Key Lowpass Filter with Butterworth Response, 150
6.5.2 B iquad Filter with Lowpass, Bandpass, or Highpass Response, 158
6.5.3 Switched‐Capacitor Filters, 162
6.6 Design Example: Electric Guitar Preamp, 164
Bibliography, 169
Problems, 169
7 Waveform Generation 175
7.1 Introduction, 175
7.2 “Linear” Sine‐Wave Oscillators and Stability Analysis, 176
7.2.1 Stable and Unstable Circuits: An Example, 176
7.2.2 Poles and Stability, 180
7.2.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion, 181
7.2.4 The Barkhausen Criterion, 186
7.2.5 Noise in Oscillators, 189
7.3 Types of Feedback‐Loop Quasilinear Oscillators, 193
7.3.1 R–C Oscillators, 195
7.3.2 Quartz‐Crystal Resonators and Oscillators, 198
7.3.3 MEMS Resonators and Oscillators, 202
7.4 Types of Two‐State or Relaxation Oscillators, 204
7.4.1 Astable Multivibrator, 205
7.4.2 555 Timer, 207
7.5 Design Aid: Single‐Frequency Series–Parallel and Parallel–Series
Conversion Formulas, 209
7.6 Design Example: BJT Quartz‐Crystal Oscillator, 211
Bibliography, 219
Problems, 219
viii CONTENTS
8 Analog‐to‐Digital and Digital‐to‐Analog conversion 225
8.1 Introduction, 225
8.2 Analog and Digital Signals, 226
8.2.1 Analog Signals and Measurements, 226
8.2.2 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution, 227
8.2.3 Digital Signals and Concepts: The Sampling Theorem, 230
8.2.4 Signal Measurements and Quantum Limits, 234
8.3 Basics of Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion, 235
8.3.1 Quantization Error, 235
8.3.2 Output Filtering and Oversampling, 237
8.3.3 Resolution and Speed of ADCs, 239
8.4 Examples of ADC Circuits, 242
8.4.1 Flash Converter, 242
8.4.2 Successive‐Approximation Converter, 244
8.4.3 Delta‐Sigma ADC, 245
8.4.4 Dual‐Slope Integration ADC, 250
8.4.5 Other ADC Approaches, 252
8.5 Examples of DAC Circuits, 253
8.5.1 R–2R Ladder DAC, 255
8.5.2 Switched‐Capacitor DAC, 256
8.5.3 One‐Bit DAC, 258
8.6 System‐Level ADC and DAC Operations, 259
Bibliography, 262
Problems, 262
9 Phase-Locked Loops 269
9.1 Introduction, 269
9.2 Basics of PLLs, 270
9.3 Control Theory for PLLs, 271
9.3.1 First‐Order PLL, 273
9.3.2 Second‐Order PLL, 274
9.4 The CD4046B PLL IC, 280
9.4.1 Phase Detector 1: Exclusive‐OR, 280
9.4.2 Phase Detector 2: Charge Pump, 282
9.4.3 VCO Circuit, 285
9.5 Loop Locking, Tuning, and Related Issues, 286
9.6 PLLs in Frequency Synthesizers, 288
9.7 Design Example Using CD4046B PLL IC, 289
Bibliography, 294
Problems, 294
10 Power electronics 298
10.1 Introduction, 298
10.2 Applications of Power Electronics, 300