Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals

228 Pages·2009·1.91 MB·English

SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for
Aquatic Animals
Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals Edited by Lindsay G. Ross and Barbara Ross
© 2008 L.G. Ross and B. Ross, ISBN: 978-1-4051-4938-9
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
i
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
Anaesthetic and Sedative
Techniques for Aquatic
Animals
Third Edition
Lindsay G. Ross BSc,PhD
Barbara Ross BSc,PhD
InstituteofAquaculture
UniversityofStirling
Stirling,Scotland
WithBryonyRossBSc
InstituteofOccupationalMedicine
Edinburgh,Scotland
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
iii
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
(cid:1)C 2008byL.G.RossandB.Ross
BlackwellPublishingeditorialoffices:
BlackwellPublishingLtd,9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK
Tel:[phone]
BlackwellPublishingProfessional,2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA
Tel:[phone]
BlackwellPublishingAsiaPtyLtd,550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia
Tel:[phone]
TherightoftheAuthortobeidentifiedastheAuthorofthisWorkhasbeenassertedin
accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,
recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct
1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedas
trademarks.Allbrandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,service
marks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot
associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.
Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardto
thesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengaged
inrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceis
required,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
Firstpublished2008byBlackwellPublishingLtd
ISBN:978-1-4051-4938-9
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ross,LindsayG.
Anaestheticandsedativetechniquesforaquaticanimals/LindsayG.Ross,
BarbaraRoss.–3rded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-1-4051-4938-9(hardback:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:1-4051-4938-8(hardback:alk.paper)
1.Animalanesthesia. 2.Animalsedation. 3.Aquaticanimals–Physiology.
I.Ross,Barbara,Ph.D. II.Title.
SH156.9.R672008
636.089’796–dc22 2007039121
AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
Setin10/13ptPalatinobyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedandboundinSingaporebyUtopiaPressPteLtd
Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainable
forestrypolicy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeand
elementarychlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaper
andcoverboardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards.
ForfurtherinformationonBlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite:
www.blackwellpublishing.com/fish
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
iv
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
Contents
PrefacetotheThirdEdition pagexi
AcknowledgementstotheThirdEdition xiii
ListofContributors xv
1 Introduction 1
‘Comfort’andanimalhusbandry 1
Handlingandmechanicaldamage 3
Pain 3
Summary 4
References 4
2 DefiningStressinAquaticAnimals 7
Introduction 7
Theadrenergicsystemandthe
hypothalamic–pituitary–inter-renalaxis 7
Thegeneralisedstressresponse 10
Externalsignsofstress 10
Internalsignsofstress 12
Effectsonheartrate 12
Haematologicaleffects 13
Hormonaleffects 13
Acclimationtostressors 15
Stressreduction 17
Stressreductionduringanaesthesia 18
Stressinducedbyanaesthesia 18
Summary 20
References 20
3 PaininAquaticAnimals 23
Introduction 23
Definingpain 24
Nociception 25
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
vi Contents
Theneurologicalbasisofnociception 25
Thecentralnervoussystemandpainperception 26
Nociceptionandpainperceptioninaquaticinvertebrates 29
Nociception 29
Brainandcentralnervoussystemstructure 29
Nociceptortobrainpathways 30
Opioids 31
Highercentresandlearning 31
Nociceptionandpainperceptioninaquaticvertebrates 32
Nociception 32
Brainandcentralnervoussystemstructure 33
Nociceptortobrainpathways 33
Opioids 34
Highercentres,learningandcognition 35
Suspensionofnormalbehaviour 35
Summary 36
References 37
4 TheNatureofAnaesthesia,SedationandAnalgesia 41
Generalanaesthesiaandsedation 41
Localanaesthesia 42
Analgesia 43
Themechanismofanaesthesia 43
Thestagesofanaesthesia 45
Dose,exposuretimeandeffectachieved 47
Euthanasia 49
Summary 50
References 50
5 TheFeaturesofAnaestheticAgents 53
Introduction 53
Desirablefeaturesofananaestheticagent 53
Toxicityandmarginofsafety 54
Additives 56
Summary 56
References 56
6 AnaesthesiaandLegislation 57
Introduction 57
Safeoperatorpracticeforusersandsafestorageof
drugsandchemicals 58
Foodchainsafety 59
Environmentalsafety 61
Animalwelfareandexperimentation 61
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
Contents vii
Safetylegislationconcerningelectricfishingandsimilar
electricalapparatus 62
Summary 62
References 62
7 FactorsAffectingtheResponseofAquaticEctotherms
toAnaesthesia 65
Introduction 65
Bioticfactors 65
Environmentalorabioticfactorsaffectingefficacy
anaesthesia 67
Summary 67
References 67
8 AnaesthesiaofFish: I.InhalationAnaesthesia 69
Introduction 69
Waterqualitymaintenanceduringinhalationanaesthesia 70
Thebasicprocedure 71
Directapplicationtothegills 74
Artificiallyventilatedinhalationanaesthesia 75
Drugsusedforinhalationanaesthesia 78
Widelyuseddrugsforinhalationanaesthesia 78
MS222 78
Benzocaine 81
Cloveoil 84
(cid:1)
AQUI-SR 87
Quinaldineandquinaldinesulphate 89
2-Phenoxyethanol 91
Metomidate 93
Etomidate 96
Lesswidelyuseddrugsforinhalationanaesthesia 98
4-Styrylpyridine 98
Barbiturates 100
Amylobarbitone 100
Quinalbarbitone 101
Pentothal 101
Chloralhydrate 103
Chlorbutanol 104
Chloroform 105
Diethylether 106
Lidocaine 107
Methylpentynol 108
Piscaine 109
Propanidid 110
Propoxate 111
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
viii Contents
Sodiumcyanide 112
Tertiaryamylalcohol(TAA) 113
Tertiarybutylalcohol(TBA) 114
Tribromoethanol(TBE) 114
Urethane 115
Inhalationanaesthesiausingplantextracts 116
Summary 116
References 117
9 AnaesthesiaofFish:II.InhalationAnaesthesiaUsingGases 127
Introduction 127
Carbondioxide 127
Carbondioxidefromsodiumbicarbonate 129
Fluorinatedhydrocarbons 131
Summary 133
References 133
10 AnaesthesiaofFish:III.ParenteralandOralAnaesthesia 137
Introduction 137
Routesforadministrationofdrugsbyinjection 137
Effectiveinjectableanaestheticdrugs 138
Widelyuseddrugsforinjectionanaesthesia 139
Alphaxolone–alphadolone(Saffan) 140
Ketamine(Vetalar) 143
Nembutal(sodiumpentobarbitone) 144
Propanidid(Epontol) 145
Lesswidelyuseddrugsforinjectionanaesthesia 146
Etorphine–acylpromazine(Immobilon) 146
Xylazine(Rompun) 147
Lignocaine(Xylocaine,Lidocaine) 147
Procaine(Novocaine) 147
Oralanaesthesia:chemicalsinfood 148
Additives–again 148
Summary 148
References 149
11 AnaesthesiaofFish:IV.Non-ChemicalMethods 151
Introduction 151
Hypothermia 151
Electroanaesthesia 153
Immobilisationusingdirectcurrent(d.c.) 154
Basicgalvonarcosisprocedure 155
Immobilisationusingalternatingcurrent(a.c.) 156
Basicmethodandprotocolforelectroanaesthesia 157
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
Contents ix
Constructionfeaturesforana.c.electroanaesthesiaunit 159
Timers 160
Relays 161
Switches 161
Warningdevices 161
Plugsandsockets 162
Case 162
Thephysiologicaleffectsofelectroanaesthesia 162
Analgesiaduringa.c.electroanaesthesia 163
Pulsedwhitenoise 163
Summary 164
References 164
12 AnaesthesiaofAquaticInvertebrates 167
Introduction 167
Anaesthesiaofmolluscs 167
Generaltechniques 167
Bivalves 168
Gastropods 169
Cephalopods 170
Anaesthesiaofcrustaceans 171
Generaltechniques 171
Branchiopods 172
Stomatopods 173
Amphipods 173
Decapods 173
Summary 176
References 176
13 AnaesthesiaofAmphibiansandReptiles 179
Introduction 179
Amphibians 179
Generalprecautions 179
Tropicalanaesthesia 181
Gaseousinhalationanaesthesia 181
Immersiontechniques 181
Injectabledrugs 182
Hypothermia 183
Reptiles 184
Crocodilians 184
Generalprecautions 184
Localanaesthesia 184
Oraladministration 185
Injectabledrugs 185
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir
BLUK142-FM February18,2008 20:25 CharCount=0
x Contents
Turtles 186
Generalprecautions 186
Oralorrectalanaesthesia 186
Gaseousinhalationanaesthesia 186
Injectionanaesthesia 187
Hypothermia 188
Summary 188
References 189
14 TransportationandAnaesthesia 191
Introduction 191
Thephysicalandbiologicalproblemsintransportation 192
Handling 192
Mechanicalstress 193
Temperature 193
Dissolvedoxygen 194
Salinity 194
Carbondioxide 195
Ammonia 195
Suspendedsolids 195
Basictechniquesfortransportation 196
Conditioning 196
Containers 196
Controllingtheenvironment 198
Sedation 199
Sedationofmolluscs 199
Sedationofcrustaceans 200
Sedationoffish 201
Summary 204
References 205
15 ConcludingRemarks 209
GlossaryofTechnicalTerms 211
SpeciesIndex 215
SubjectIndex 218
SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: [phone] For Educational Use. www.ebookcenter.ir