Table Of ContentAnaerobic
Fungi
MYCOLOGY SERIES
Editor
Paul A. Lemke
Department of Botany and Microbiology
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
1. Viruses and Plasmids in Fungi, edited by Paul A. Lemke
2. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem,
edited by Donald T. Wicklow and George C. Carroll
3. Fungi Pathogenic for Humans and Animals (in three parts), edited by
Dexter H. Howard
4. Fungal Differentiation: A Contemporary Synthesis, edited by John E.
Smith
5. Secondary Metabolism and Differentiation in Fungi, edited by Joan
W. Bennett and Alex Ciegler
6. Fungal Protoplasts, edited by John F. Peberdy and Lajos Ferenczy
7. Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes, edited by Yigal Koltin and
Michael J. Leibowitz
8. Molecular Industrial Mycology: Systems and Applications for Fila-
mentous Fungi, edited by Sally A. Leong and Randy M. Berka
9. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem,
Second Edition, edited by George C. Carroll and Donald T. Wicklow
10. Stress Tolerance of Fungi, edited by D. H. Jennings
11. Metal Ions in Fungi, edited by Gunther Winkelmann and Dennis R.
Winge
12. Anaerobic Fungi: Biology, Ecology, and Function, edited by Douglas
0. Mountfort and Colin G. Orpin
Additional Volumes in Preparation
Anaerobic
Fungi
Biology, Ecology, and Function
edited by
Douglas O. Mountfort
Cawthron Institute
Nelson, New Zealand
Colin G. Orpin
Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures
CSIRO
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
CRC Press
Taylor &. Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press iss aann iimmpprriinntt ooff tthhee
Taylor & Fraanncciiss GGrroouupp,, aann iinnffoorrmmaa bbuussiinneessss
First published 1994 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Published 2019 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 1994 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
First issued in paperback 2019
No claim to original U.S. Government works
ISBN-13: 978-0-367-44944-5 (pbk)
ISBN-13: 978-0-8247-8948-0 (hbk)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anaerobic fungi : biology, ecology, and function / edited by Douglas O. Mountfort,
Colin G. Orpin.
p. cm. — (Mycology series; v. 12)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8247-8948-2 (acid-free paper)
1. Anaerobic fungi. I. Mountfort, Douglas O. II. Orpin, Colin G. III. Series.
QK604.2.A53A53 1994
589.2'04128-dc20 94-19072
CIP
Series Introduction
Mycology is the study of fungi, that vast assemblage of microorganisms
which includes such things as molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. All of us in
one way or another are influenced by fungi. Think of it for a moment—the
good life without penicillin or a fine wine. Consider further the importance
of fungi in the decomposition of wastes and the potential hazards of fungi as
pathogens to plants and to humans. Yet, fungi are ubiquitous and important.
Mycologists study fungi either in nature or in the laboratory and at differ-
ent experimental levels ranging from descriptive to molecular and from basic
to applied. Since there are so many fungi and so many ways to study them,
mycologists often find it difficult to communicate their results even to other
mycologists, much less to other scientists or to society in general.
This series establishes a niche for publication of works dealing with all
aspects of mycology. It is not intended to set the fungi apart, but rather to
emphasize the study of fungi and of fungal processes as they relate to man-
kind and to science in general. Such a series of books is long overdue. It is
broadly conceived as to scope, and should include textbooks and manuals
as well as original and scholarly research works and monographs.
The scope of the series will be defined by, and hopefully will help define,
progress in mycology.
PAUL A. LEMKE
iii
Preface
During the past fifty years our knowledge of microorganisms in the gut has
developed to the extent that the microbial ecology of such ecosystems, par-
ticularly the rumen, are some of the better understood. However, although
many of the important gut bacteria and protozoa have been cultured and
their metabolism well characterized, only recently has it become apparent
that a third group of organisms, the anaerobic fungi, represent an impor-
tant part of the gut microflora.
This volume brings together for the first time information on anaerobic
fungi considered from a number of viewpoints. It is intended to provide a
comprehensive account of their taxonomy, physiology, and ecology. The
nucleic acids of these organisms are described together with gene cloning,
ribosomal RNA sequence, and establishment of molecular phylogeny. Meth-
ods for the enumeration of fungi in gut environments are also detailed. The
work deals mainly with fungi from the rumen but also gives account of fungi
from other gut environments, such as the cecum and hindgut of nonruminant
herbivores.
The work should be considered as a supplement to previous monographs
on the microbial ecology of the gut. These include the monographs of Hun-
gate, The Rumen and its Microbes (1966), Clarke and Bauchop, The Micro-
bial Ecology of the Gut (1977), and Hobson, The Rumen Microbial Eco-
v
vi Preface
system (1988). The text of Draser and Hill, Human Intestinal Flora (1974),
may also serve as a useful background reference together with Zehnder's
Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms (1988) with its emphasis on the prin-
ciples of anaerobic microbiology.
This volume will serve as an important reference for researchers in the
field of anaerobic microbiology and, in particular, the microbiology of gut
ecosystems. We also hope it serves as a useful reference to students of general
microbiology, and as a text for those specializing in gut microbiology.
In conclusion, we wish to thank the contributors for their cooperation,
and other colleagues, who have stimulated our interest in this field.
DOUGLAS O. MOUNTFORT
COLIN G. ORPIN
Contents
Series Introduction in
Preface v
Contributors ix
1. Anaerobic Fungi: Taxonomy, Biology, and
Distribution in Nature 1
Colin G. Orpin
2. The Ultrastructure of Anaerobic Fungi 47
Edward A. Munn
3. Nutrition and Survival of Anaerobic Fungi 107
Michael K. Theodorou, David R. Davies, and
Colin G. Orpin
4. Fermentation Product Generation in Rumen
Chy tridiomycetes 129
Nigel Yarlett
5. Regulatory Constraints in the Degradation and
Fermentation of Carbohydrate by Anaerobic Fungi 147
Douglas O. Mountfort
vii
