An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades

220 Pages·2001·173.49 MB·English

by  Cyprian Broodbank

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The Cyclades,showingsitesmentionedand coastlinesas tl1ey existedin the fiftl1 to tl1ird
millenniaBC. Contours atc. 160,330,660and 1000m.
TheAegean,showingthemainregions andsitesmentioned.
An Island Archaeology of
the Early Cyclades
CYPRIAN BROODBANK
.:..... CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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©CambridgeUniversityPress2000
Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements.
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout .
To my motherandfather
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
W'ho taught me how to live
Firstpublished2000
Firstpaperbackedition2002
To Valasia
Typeface MonotypePlantinLight 10/14pt. System QuarkXPress™
For life
AcataloguerecOIdforthisbookIsavailablefmmtheBrftjshLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Broodbank.Cyprian.
AnislandarchaeologyoftheearlyCyclades1CyprianBroodbank.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 0521782724
1.Cyclades(Greece)-Antiquities. 2.Greece- Antiquities. 3.Cyclades
(Greece)- Civilization. 4.Islandpeople- Greece- Cyclades. 5.Bronze
Age- Greece- Cyclades. 1.Title.
DF221.C93 B762000
939'.15-dc21 00-024174
ISBN 0521782724 hardback
ISBN 0521528445 paperback
CONTENTS
Listoffigures pageX
Listoftables XlV
Acknowledgements xv
Listofabbreviationsanddatingconventions XVlll
Prologue: islands of'prehistory'
1 Whitherisland archaeology? 6
2 Cycladic approaches 36
I
I 3 Islands, people and seafaring 68
4 The dawn treaders 107
5 Cultures ofcolonisation 144
6 Small worlds 175
7 Whichislands in the stream? 211
8 Paint, paddles and the politics ofvalue 247
9 Ulysses withoutsails 276
10 An altered archipelago 320
11 The emergence ofMinoan dominance 350
12 Cycladic archaeologyas island archaeology 362
References 368
Index 402
Listoffigures xi
FIGURES
32 Kephala and its environs 119
33 Neolithic Cycladicflaked-stone points 121
34 Neolithic sites in the Cyclades 122
35 North-eastMelos showingthelocation ofNeolithic sites. 124
36 Axes ofentryinto the Cyclades for short-range colonisinggroups 132
37 The high island chain: Samos, Ikaria and Naxos 134
38 Expansion model for colonisation ofthe Cyclades from Attica and Euboia 135
39 Target/distance analysis for colonisation ofthe Cyclades from the
The Cyclades Frontispiece
south-eastAegean 136
TheAegean Frontispiece
40 Expansion modelfor colonisation ofthe Cyclades from the south-eastAegean 138
1 Chronology, terminology and majorsynchronisms
XIX 41 Microlocations ofSaliagos culturesites 147
2 Ways ofvisualising islands and islandscapes 24
42 Kephala cemetery 150
3 TheMediterranean, south-west Oceania and the Caribbean 39
43 Distribution ofGrotta-Pelos culture and other contemporarysites 151
4 Maximum seaward visibilityfrom land in the Mediterranean 40
44 Atypical Grotta-Pelos cemetery: Lakkoudes on Naxos 152
5 The Cyclades and select otherisland clusters 42
45 Final Neolithiccopperflat axefrom the Zas cave 160
6 Recentwork on early Cycladi sites and landscapes 49
46 Distribution ofselectlater Neolithic prestige objects found in the Cyclades 161
7 An exploration indexfor the early Cyclades 52
47 Distribution ofNeolithiclight-on-dark potteryin the southernAegean 162
8 The price ofesteem: Daskaleio-Kavos looted 59
48 MtZas 165
9 The descent ofCycladica 61
49 Elements ofthe proposed Grotta-Pelos exchange culture 168
10 A critique ofproportionalityin Cycladicfigurines 62
50 Distribution ofGrotta-Pelos culture marble vessels 169
11 Painted decoration on Cycladicmarblefigurines 63
51 The diversityofanthropomorphicfigurines from theearly Cyclades 172
12 The Cyclades as a kyklos around Delos 69
52 Terrell's proximal point analysis for the Solomonislands 182
13 Six Cycladicislandscapes 72
53 Proximalpointanalysisfor the Cyclades 184
14 Island size in the Cyclades 73
54 Naxian worldlets 188
15 Inter-island distance in the Cyclades 75
55 Changingmaritime orientationin the Cyclades 189
16 Three-dimensional computer-generated view ofthe south-east Cyclades 76
56 Remote and parochial zones in the Cyclades 192
17 Rainfall and hydrology in the Cyclades and rainfall insurrounding areas 77
57 Islands with Grotta-Pelos culture sites compared with the PPA 1network 199
18 Inter-annual fluctuation ofrainfall onMelos 79
58 Corbelledgraves at Chalandriani cemetery on Syros 200
19 Cycladic geology and mineral resources 80
59 Corbelled grave distribution compared with PPA4 network 201
20 The composition offaunal assemblages atearly Cycladic sites 82
60 Painted, incised and stamped-and-incised potteryofthe Early BronzeII
21 Currents and winds in the Cyclades 93
Cyclades 203
22 Agricultural tasks and the sailing season in the Aegean 95
61 Pedestal-based jarvariants and their distributions 204
23 Early BronzeAge Cycladic boat depictions 98
62 Thecreationofa south-east Cycladic islandscape: interaction andmaterial
24 Dailytravel range in the early Cyclades 103 culture 208
25 An experimentalreed-boatand its Cycladic voyage 104
63 Chalandriani-Kastri 213
26 Model phases for thesettlementofan island 109
64 Hedgehogfigurine from Chalandriani cemetery 216
27 The sinking ofCycladia 112
65 AgiaIrini 217
28 PartofStaNychia obsidian quarry on Melos 114
66 Grotta-Aplomata 219
29 Mesolithic sites in the Aegean 115
67 Daskaleio-Kavos and Kavos North 224
30 Aegeanislands colonised in the Neolithic and EarlyBronzeAge 118
68 Partoftheso-called 'Keros hoard' 226
31 Saliagos and its environs 119
69 Marble vesselsfrom sanctioned archaeological work atDaskaleio-Kavos 227
Listoffigures xii Listoffigures
Xlll
70 Kavos North 231 110 Two majorMiddle BronzeAge Cycladic settlements: Phylakopi and
71 Quantitativefabric analysis ofthe surface material from Daskaleio-Kavos 233 Mikri Vigla 329
72 Pottery importlevels atselected CycladicEarly Bronze II sites 234 111 Distribution ofPhylakopiI culture sites· 330
73 Provenance ofimports at Daskaleio-Kavos 235 112 PhylakopiI 331
74 Painted potteryfrom Daskaleio-Kavos 236 113 TheEarlyBronzeIII 'gap' 332
75 Nodes ofintense communicationin the Cyclades 239 114 ProximalPointAnalysis 5 339
76 lslandscape seenfrom Daskaleio-Kavos 242 115 Design on aMinoan sealillustrating a sailingship 342
77 Syros: settlementpattern and the islandscape seenfrom Chalandriani-Kastri 243 116 Images ofthe newshippingin the Cyclades found atPhylakopi 344
78 Similarfigurine heads with differentdecoration 248 117 Modelfor the transformationofsettlementin thesouth-east Cyclades 348
79 Equipmentfor bodydecoration and modificationfrom burial contexts 250 118 PhylakopiI culturepyxis from theAgios Loukas cemetery 349
80 Greenstone symbolic cruciblefrom Amorgos 251 119 Distribution ofduckvases in theAegean 352
81 Symbols ofmaritime travel, navigation and swiftness 252 120 Threemajor Aegean interactionzones atthe startofthe Middle BronzeAge ·355
82 Marble harpistfigurine said to comefrom Keros 254 121 Dendritic pattern ofmaritime trade centred onpalatial Crete 357
83 The ideology offighting: a hunter-warriorfigurine and a 'silvered' dagger 255 122 MiddleMinoanimports from palatial Cretefound atPhylakopi 358
84 Areasfavourable to the organisation oflongboat activityin the Cyclades 257
85 One-daytravel ranges from major EarlyBronzeIIisland centres 261
86 Number ofgravegoods pergravein the Agioi Anargyroi cemetery 264
87 EarlyBronze II Cycladic distributions ofmarblefigurines and painted
pottery 266
88 Skeuomorphismseenin clayjugs 271
89 Two island tradingsystems compared: the Cycladic and Siassinetworks 274
90 Majorsites ofthe EarlyBronze IIAegean 280
91 Distribution ofobsidian finds in the southernArgolid 281
92 Selection oflargeEarly BronzeII Aegean settlements 282
93 TheEarlyBronze II Aegean as amargin ofthe NearEasternworld system 284
94 Major maritime routes ofthe Early BronzeAge Aegean 289
95 Two Cycladic metal-processinglandscapes: Agios Sostis and Skouries 295
96 Distribution oftalc ware 296
97 Chrysokamino and its environs 299
98 Themain sites involved inlong-rangeKampos group trade 300
99 Kampos group bottle 301
100 Distribution ofselectinter-regional trade objects ofearlierEarlyBronze II 305
101 Cycladicimports atKnossos, Crete, inEarly BronzeII 307
102 PrincipalKastri group shapes 310
103 Distribution ofKastri group pottery in the Aegean 312
104 Distributionoffortified sites in the Cyclades 314
105 Fortified settlements: Kastri, Mt Kynthos and Panermos 315
106 Changingpatterns ofEarly BronzeAge Cycladic long-range interaction 319
107 Phyhikopi I culturerock-cuttombs at Phylakopi 323
108 Duckvasefound onAmorgos 324
109 Distribution oflaterMiddle Bronze Age Cycladic sites 327
TABLES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1 Island demography in the early Cyclades page90
Iam debtorbothtothe Greeks,and to thebarbarians;both
2 Iconographicfeatures oflongboats and othercanoes 98 to thewiseand to theunwise. ROMANS 1.14
3 Performance parameters and functions oflongboats and other canoes 102
4 Ranked size/distance scores for Cycladic islands 130
John Cherryenabled aman who loves islands to become an archaeologistwho could
5 Large Cycladic cemeteries and theirburying populations 178
also analyse them, ToddWhitelaw broughtmethod and awealth ofadvice to temper
6 Percentage ofpoints with differentdegrees ofseafaring orientationin
the excesses ofislomania, Andrew and Susan Sherratt ensured that island research
each PPA 190
neverbecameinsular,andChrisChippindaledrovemetoprovethatanearlyCycladic
7 Relative popularity ofpainted, incised and stamped-and-incised decoration 202
history might be written. To these teachers, and likewise to Peter Warren, I owe the
8 Potteryshapes with painted decoration at four investigated Cycladic sites 205
best part of my education in archaeology. Among many scholars working in the
9 Painted motifs atthe investigated Cycladic sites 206
Cyclades who have shared their thoughts withme, itis a particularpleasure to thank
10 Two rich south-eastCycladicburials ofEarly BronzeII date 265
JackDavis,AngelikaDouzougli,algaHadjianastasiou (Filaniotou),MarizaMarthari,
11 Phylakopi: nomenclature, diagnostics, cultureattributions and dates 322
David Wilson and Kostas Zachos. Among otherAegeanists,Jeremy Rutter and Paul
12 Comparativeboatperformancefor canoes and sailing ships 345
Halsteadhavealways beenmorethangenerouswiththeiradviceandencouragement,
andtheoverall developmentofthe ideas aboutislands thatareelaboratedinthis book
owes a profound debt to the intellectual examples set byJohn Terrell, Chris Gosden
and Nicholas Purcell.
The doctoral dissertation from which this book derives w;s researched under the
ever-stimulating and exacting supervision ofJohn Cherry, and for shorter periods
under Colin Renfrew and Henry Hurs!. I thankthem allfor theirsupportand cajol
ing, and the first in particular for bearing the brunt ofthe task. I further thankJoan
Oates,withoutwhosestaunch supportatacritical juncturethis research mightnever
have beencompleted. Likewise to myexaminers, ToddWhitelawand Chris Gosden,
Iexpressmywarmgratitude,and apologiseforspoilingtheirChristmaspreparations.
Since I started my research, the following institutions have provided a range of
researchenvironments that have all contributed in diverse ways to the final product:
at CambridgeUniversity,theFacultyofClassics,King's Collegeand GirtonCollege;
at Oxford University, University College and the Ashmolean Museum; at London
University, the Institute ofArchaeology, University CollegeLondon; and in Greece,
theBritishSchoolatAthens.Thelasttwoinstitutions (includingtheFitchLaboratory
ofthe British School) I thank in particularfor providing the peace and time to com
pletethis book. Forencouragementin myfieldwork Iam grateful to several scholars,
but above all to Colin Renfrew, Christos Doumas, Lila Marangou and Photeini
Zapheiropoulou, for kindly inviting me to study the potteryrecovered in 1987 from
Acknowledgements XVI Acknowledgements XVll
the remarkable site ofDaskaleio-Kavos onKeros. Itis through their generositythat I Valasia, who were in on itat the veryend. Quotations are reproduced withkind per
drawuponthe 1987materialinthis book. Althoughmyinterpretations donotalways mission of the following publishers: University of Pittsburgh Press for Odysseus
accord with their own, I remain extremely grateful for the honour of being able to Elytes' ToAxionEstitranslatedbyE.KeeleyandG. Savidis;Faber& FaberandFarrar,
differ from an informed position. For ensuring that the pottery study proceeded Straus & Giroux for DerekWa!cott's Omeros; Faber& Faber and Harcourtfor T. S.
smoothly and happily I thank Olga Hadjianastasiou (Filaniotou), DaphniLalagianni Eliot's Four Quartets; and Faber & Faber and Random House for W. H. Auden's On
and theever-friendlyguardsattheNaxosArchaeologicalMuseum.Forpermissionto this island.
study othermaterial, further thanks extend to Elizabeth Schofield and David Wilson Itshouldbenotedthatthisbookwenttopressjustbeforethreerelevantmajorworks
(Agia Irini), Colin Renfrew and Photeini Zapheiropoulou (Phylakopi), and Katie became available. Thefirst ofthese isPeggy Sotirakopoulou'sfinal publicationofthe
Demakopoulou (material from Chalandriani-Kastri in the National Museum, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age material from Akrotiri on Thera (Sotirakopoulou
Athens). 1999). ThesecondisJosephMaran'smagisterialanalysis ofthelatethirdmillennium
Ifurtherthankthefollowingforcreativediscussion,adviceandinformation:Christos BC on the Greekmainland and in the Cyclades (Maran 1998). The third is Georgia
Agouridis,DavidAnthony,RobertArnott,LisBacus,RobinBarber,GeorgeBass,John Nakou's outstanding DPhil thesis 'The end ofthe Early Bronze Age in the Aegean:
Bennet, Kiki Birtacha, Lucy Blue, Electra Boli, Jeremy Bond, Warwick Bray, Ann material culture and history' (Nakou 2000). Susan Sherratt's comprehensive and
Brown, Tristan Carter, Susan Colledge, James Conolly, Tracey Cullen, Peter Day, innovative publication of the Ashmolean Museum's Cycladic material (Sherratt in
HayatErkanal,JohnEvans,LesleyFitton,VassoFotou,NoelGale,IanGlover,Yiannis press) was made available inmanuscriptform through the author's generosity, butit
Hamilakis, Sue Hamilton, David Harris, Jon Hather, Jan Hekman, Stephen Held, did notprove possibleto providefinal pagenumbers for citations inthis book.
Nicolle Hirschfeld, Valasia Isaakidou-Broodbank, Richard Jones, Patrick Kirch,
Bernard Knapp, Olga Krzyszkowska, Kurt Lambeck, Sandy MacGillivray, James
McGlade, Sean McGrail, Sturt Manning, Ezra Marcus, Toula Marketou, Manolis
Melas, Lena Mendoni, Jennifer Moody, Georgia Nakou, Vivek Nanda, Jose Oliver,
Clive Orton, Yiannis Papadatos, Edgar Peltenburg, Catherine Perles, Cemal Pulak,
DanielPullen,CurtisRunnels,VasifSahoglu,YiannisandEfiSakellarakis,Adamantios
Sampson, Guy Sanders, Chris Scarre, Louise Schofield, Stephen Shennan, Peggy
Sotirakopoulou,ChristianeSourvinou-Inwood,ZofiaStos-Gale,TomStrasser,Laurie
Talalay,JeremyTanner, Robin Torrence, Riza Tuncel, Peter Ucko,Tjeerdvan Andel,
Sarah Vaughan, Kadtlee Vitelli, Sophia Voutsaki, Ruth Whitehouse, James Whitley,
and many ofmystudents at the Institute ofArchaeology, University CollegeLondon,
1993-99.
Iwouldliketo express mygratitude to several people who conu·ibutedmuch to the
later stages of this book's gestation. First among equals must come Jessica Kuper,
Frances Brownand thestaffofCambridgeUniversityPress for their patience,perse
verance and faith in the final outcome, as well as the two readers for the Press who
recommended this text for publication. For constructive comments on advanced
drafts I equally tl1ank Andrew Bevan,John Cherry,Jack Davis, Paul Halstead, Vicky
Jackson, Georgia Nakou (also for compilation of the index), Todd Whitelaw and
DavidWilson.Individualcreditsforthefigures aregiveninthecaptionswhereappro
priate (unless otherwisestated all photographswere taken bythe author), butIowea
more general and heartfelt thanks to three stalwart people for their preparation of
many of the figures, namely Andrew Bevan (computer graphics), Stuart Laidlaw
(photographs) and Dorella Romanou (line drawings), as well as to Maria
Papaconstantinou for help in Athens, and to Sven van Lokeren, Anna Stellatou and
---------------~--~~~~-~~~~~~~-....._...._-----------------------
----
ABBREVIATIONS AND DATING CONVENTIONS
'. '>>~veli~s/
;".'j1tOCeSSrlS
IIlC
Mycenean LateMinoan JIIB Myceneanpalaces
influence IIIA
LateMin an II
NewPalace
LateMinoanI
Minoan
TheraclUplion
influence MiddleMinoanlll Crete
MiddleMinoan1I
OldPalaceCrete
The following abbeviations are used (see also fig. 1): -'-;"..,-'-i------+lhylakopi~ ChristianattIi-M~idF~d~leo:':M~rin~0m~a!:.n-a-E:~-ttIFic;;o:;;;;ntic;;o;-f;;j::-1
~=="-'-'-"-[ --'--'.,...."/'/- Kastri ~1E-ar-ly-M-in-oa-n-[[]t---p'a-la-tia-lC-r-ete-t-t-----C:='-o--:-:II:--a-p-s--e1---i
Aegean-wideperiods: ",'.,''''.''''.1 Keros- 0 EarlyMinoanliB 'Internationalspirit' Akkadian 'empire'
~.
Early Syros t---------tandincreasedsmall- OldKingdom
LN Late Neolithic Bronze1I I EarlyMinoanlIA scaIecompIeX'lly Egypt,Early
Kampos 'f Dynastic
FN Final Neolithic
I.He Mesopotamiaand
EBA (EB I, II, Ill) EarlyBronzeAge (Early BronzeI, II, Ill). Early Plastiras urbanLevant
BronzeI EarlyMinoanI
MBA Middle Bronze Age Grotta NeolithictoEarly Formationof
Pelos BronzeAgesocial statesinEgyptand
LBA (LB I, II, Ill) Late BronzeAge (Late Bronze I, II, Ill)
andeconomic Mesopotamia
transformations
early
Regionallyspec~fi.c: Earlymetallurgy
Final
Neolithic
EMI, IIA, lIB, III Early Minoan I, IIA, lIB, III (Crete)
MM lA, IB, II, III Middle MinoanlA, IB, II, III (Crete) Kephala
LMI, II, III Late Minoan I, II, III (Crete)
EHI, II, III EarlyHelladic I, II, III (southern Greekmainland)
Dates, centuries, millennia and other time-spans are given in calendar years BC or Expansionof
Late isla;d
AD unless specifiedas uncalibrated radiocarbon years bp (before present). Saliagos
Neolithic colonisation
Middle
Neolithic
Early
Neolithic
Fig. 1 Chronology, terminologyandmajorsynchronismsfortheNeolithicand Early
BronzeAgeCyclades,with thelaterBronzeAgesequencesimplified (seealsofurther
discussioninchapter2).Adaptedfrom DemouleandPerles 1993,Manning 1995,Renfrew
1972andWarrenandHankey 1989.