An Invitation to Health, Brief Edition

546 Pages·2017·21.134 MB·English

by  Dianne Hales

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
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An Invitation
to Health
The Power of Now,
Brief Edition
Dianne Hales
10th Edition
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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
An Invitation to Health: The Power of Now, © 2018, 2016 Cengage Learning
Brief Edition, Tenth Edition
Dianne Hales ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 The Power of Now 3
CHAPTER 2 Your Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being 23
CHAPTER 3 Stress Management 55
CHAPTER 4 Social Health 81
CHAPTER 5 Personal Nutrition 109
CHAPTER 6 Weight Management 147
CHAPTER 7 Physical Activity and Fitness 169
CHAPTER 8 Sexual Health 205
CHAPTER 9 Reproductive Options 251
CHAPTER 10 Major Diseases 289
CHAPTER 11 Addictive Behaviors and Drugs 341
CHAPTER 12 Alcohol and Tobacco 381
CHAPTER 13 Consumer Health 423
CHAPTER 14 Protecting Yourself and Your Environment 453
CHAPTER 15 A Lifetime of Health 485
Answers for Making This Chapter Work for You 503
Glossary 504
References 510
Index 523
iii
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Gender and Depression 39
The Power of Now 3 Major Depressive Disorder 40
Treating Depression 40
Health and Wellness 4
Bipolar Disorder 41
The Dimensions of Health 4
Anxiety Disorders 42
Health in America 5
Specific Phobia 42
Healthy People 2020 6 Panic Attacks and
Health Disparities 7 Panic Disorder 43
Sex, Gender, and Health 8 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 43
Health on Campus 10 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 43
College and Health 10 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 44
How Healthy Are Today’s Students? 11 Autism Spectrum Disorder 45
Why “Now” Matters 12 Schizophrenia 45
Student Health Norms 12 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury 46
The Promise
Suicide 46
of Prevention 13
Suicide on Campus 47
Protecting Yourself 13
Factors That Lead to Suicide 47
Understanding Risky Behaviors 13
Overcoming Problems of the Mind 48
Making Healthy Changes 14
Where to Turn for Help 49
Understanding Health Behavior 14
Types of Therapy 49
How and Why People Change 15 Other Treatment Options 50
Health Belief Model 16
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Self-Determination Theory 16
Motivational Interviewing 16
CHAPTER 3
Self-Affirmation Theory 16
Stress Management 55
Transtheoretical Model 17
What Is Stress? 56
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Eustress, Distress, and Neustress 56
CHAPTER 2 Stress and the Dimensions of Health 57
Types of Stressors 58
Your Psychological and Spiritual
Stress in America 58
Well-Being 23
Stress on Campus 59
Emotional and Mental Health 24 Stress and Student Health 59
The Lessons of Positive Psychology 24 Other Stressors 62
Develop Self-Compassion 25 Financial Stress 62
Boost Emotional Intelligence 25 Occupational Stress 63
Meet Your Needs 26 Burnout 63
Boost Self-Esteem 26 Illness and Disability 64
Pursue Happiness 27 Traumatic Life Events 64
Become Optimistic 28 Acute Stress Disorder 64
Manage Your Moods 29 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 65
Spiritual Health 29 Inside Stress 66
Spirituality and General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 66
Physical Health 29
Coping with Stress 67
Deepen Your Spiritual Intelligence 30 Fight or Flight 67
Clarify Your Values 30 Freezing 67
Enrich Your Spiritual Life 30 Submission 67
Consider the Power of Prayer 31 Challenge Response Model 67
Cultivate Gratitude 32 Tend-and-Befriend Model 68
Forgive 32 Transactional or Cognitive-Relational Model 68
Sleep and Health 32 Yerkes-Dodson Law 69
Student Night Life 33 The Impact of Stress 69
Sleep’s Impact on Health 34 Stress and the Heart 69
How Much Sleep Do You Need? 34 Stress and Immunity 70
Treating Sleep Disorders 35 Stress and the Gastrointestinal System 71
Understanding Mental Health 35 Stress and Cancer 71
What Is a Mental Disorder? 36 Other Stress Symptoms 71
Mental Health on Campus 36 Managing Stress 72
Depressive Disorders 37 Journaling 72
Depression in Students 38 Exercise 72
iv
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Routes to Relaxation 72 The USDA Food Patterns 127
Meditation and Mindfulness 73 The DASH Eating Plan 127
Yoga 74 The Mediterranean Diet 128
Resilience 74 Vegetarian Diets 128
Stress Prevention: Taking Control Ethnic Cuisines 129
of Your Time 75 The Way We Eat 130
Time Management 75 Campus Cuisine: How College Students Eat 130
Overcoming Procrastination 76 Money and Time Issues 130
Nutrition Knowledge 131
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Fast Food: Eating on the Run 132
CHAPTER 4 His Plate, Her Plate: Gender and Nutrition 132
Social Health 81 You Are What You Drink 134
Choosing Healthful Snacks 135
The Social Dimension of Health 82
Dietary Supplements 136
Communicating 83
Taking Charge of What You Eat 136
Learning to Listen 83
Portions and Servings 136
Being Agreeable but Assertive 83
Nutrition Labels 137
How Men and Women Communicate 84
What Is an “Organic” Food? 137
Nonverbal Communication 84
Genetically Engineered Foods 138
Forming Relationships 84
Friendship 85 Food Safety 139
Loneliness 85 Fight BAC! 139
Shyness and Social Anxiety Disorder 86 Avoiding E. Coli Infection 139
Building a Healthy Community 86 Food Poisoning 140
Doing Good 87 Pesticides 140
Food Allergies 140
Living in a Wired World 87
Social Networking on Campus 87 Nutritional Quackery 141
Self-Disclosure and Privacy in a Digital Age 88
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Problematic Cell Phone and Internet Use 89
Dating on Campus 90 CHAPTER 6
Hooking Up 90 Weight Management 147
Friends with Benefits 92
Weighing In 148
Loving and Being Loved 92
Weight on Campus 149
Intimate Relationships 92
What Attracts Two People to Each Other? 92 What Is a Healthy Weight? 150
Infatuation 92 Body Mass Index 150
The Science of Romantic Love 93 Waist Circumference 151
Mature Love 94 Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) 152
Body Fat 152
Dysfunctional Relationships 94
Intimate Partner Violence 94 Understanding Weight Problems 152
Emotional Abuse 94 How Did So Many Get So Fat? 153
Codependency 95 Health Dangers of Excess Weight 153
When Love Ends 96 The Impact on the Body 153
Partnering across the Lifespan 97 The Emotional and Social Toll 155
The New Transition to Adulthood 97 If You’re Too Thin: How to Gain Weight 155
Cohabitation 97 A Practical Guide to a Healthy Weight 155
Long-Term Relationships 98 Preventing Weight Gain 156
Marriage 98 Weight-Loss Diets 156
Issues Couples Confront 100 Do Weight-Loss Programs Work? 157
Divorce 101 Physical Activity and Exercise 158
Family Ties 102 Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Diversity within Families 102 for Obesity 158
Unmarried Parents 103 Common Diet Traps 158
Maintaining Weight Loss 159
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Treating Severe Obesity 159
CHAPTER 5 Obesity Medications 160
Personal Nutrition 109 Obesity Surgery 160
The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 110 Unhealthy Eating on Campus 161
Body Image 161
The Building Blocks of Good Nutrition 110
Calories 110 Disordered Eating 162
Essential Nutrients 116 Extreme Dieting 162
Vitamins 122 Compulsive Overeating 162
Minerals 124 Binge Eating 163
Eating Disorders 163
Healthy Eating Patterns 127
MyPlate 127 (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:49)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:1)(cid:116)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:66)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:1)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:58)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:1)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:22)
Contents v
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
CHAPTER 7 Sex on Campus 215
Physical Activity and Fitness 169 Hooking Up 215
Friends with Benefits 217
Physical Activity and Fitness 170
Choosing Sexual Partners 217
Fitness and the Dimensions of Health 171
Romantic Relationships 217
Working Out on Campus 171
Ethnic Variations 217
Physical Activity and Exercise 172
Sex in America 218
Exercise Is Medicine 172
Sexual Diversity 218
The Benefits of Exercise 172
Heterosexuality 219
Exercise Risks 176
Bisexuality 219
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 176 Homosexuality 219
How Much Exercise Is Enough? 177 The Gender Spectrum 220
Your Exercise Prescription 177
Sexual Activity 221
The Principles of Exercise 178 Celibacy 221
Overload Principle 178 Abstinence 221
FITT 178 Fantasy 221
Reversibility Principle 179 Pornography 222
Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness 179 Masturbation 222
Monitoring Exercise Intensity 180 Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity (Outercourse) 223
High-Tech Gadgets 180 Intercourse 223
Nontech Methods 180 Oral Sex 223
Designing an Aerobic Workout 182 Anal Stimulation
Your Long-Term Fitness Plan 182 and Intercourse 224
Aerobic Options 183 Sexual Response 224
Building Muscular Fitness 185 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases 226
Muscles at Work 186 Zika Virus 227
Designing a Muscle Workout 187 Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted
Recovery 189 Infections 227
Core Strength Conditioning 189 The ABCs of Safer Sex 228
Muscle Dysmorphia 189 STIs and Gender 230
Drugs Used to Boost Athletic Performance 190 STIs on Campus 231
Becoming More Flexible 191 What College Students Don’t Know about STIs 231
The Benefits of Flexibility 191 Common STIs and STDs 231
Stretching 191 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 231
Mind–Body Approaches 193 Genital Herpes 234
Yoga 194 Chlamydia 235
Pilates 194 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 236
T’ai Chi 194 Gonorrhea 237
Keeping Your Back Healthy 195 Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) 238
Sports Nutrition 196 Syphilis 238
Water 196 Chancroid 239
Sports Drinks 196 Pubic Lice and Scabies 239
Dietary Supplements 197 Trichomoniasis 239
Energy Bars 197 Bacterial Vaginosis 240
HIV and AIDS 240
Safe and Healthy Workouts 197
Temperature 198 (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:49)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:1)(cid:116)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:66)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:1)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:58)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:1)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:22)
Exercise Injuries 199
CHAPTER 9
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Reproductive Options 251
CHAPTER 8
Reproductive Responsibility 252
Sexual Health 205
Conception 252
Sexual Health 206 Abstinence and Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity 253
Sexuality and the Dimensions of Health 206
Contraception 254
Women’s Sexual Health 207 The Benefits and Risks
Female Sexual Anatomy 207 of Contraceptives 257
The Menstrual Cycle 208 Birth Control on Campus 259
Men’s Sexual Health 211 Contraception Choices 259
Male Sexual Anatomy 211 Oral Contraceptives 259
Responsible Sexuality 212 Other Contraceptive Options 262
Creating a Sexually Healthy Relationship 213 Barrier Contraceptives 265
Making Sexual Decisions 213 Fertility Awareness Methods (FAMs) 272
Saying No to Sex 214 Emergency Contraception 273
Sexual Behavior 214 Sterilization 274
Sexual Initiation: “Having Sex” for the First Time 215 Unwanted Pregnancy 275
vi Contents
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Abortion 276 Immunity and Stress 328
The Psychological Impact of Abortion 277 Immunization for Adults 328
The Politics of Abortion 277 Upper Respiratory Infections 328
Pregnancy 278 Common Cold 328
Preconception Care 278 Influenza 330
Home Pregnancy Tests 278 Meningitis 331
Prenatal Care 279 Hepatitis 332
How a Woman’s Body Changes during Pregnancy 279
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections 334
How a Baby Grows 279
Lyme Disease 334
Complications of Pregnancy 280
West Nile Virus 334
Childbirth 282
Zika Virus 335
Infertility 283
Avian Influenza 335
Adoption 283
The “Superbug” Threat: MRSA 336
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CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 11
Major Diseases 289 Addictive Behaviors and Drugs 341
Your Cardiometabolic Health 290 Understanding Addiction 342
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors 291 Addiction and the Dimensions of Health 342
Metabolic Syndrome 295 Preventing Addictions 342
Who Is at Risk? 295 Gambling and Behavioral Addictions 343
What Are the Signs? 295 Problem Gambling 343
Diabetes 295 Gambling Disorder 344
Insulin Resistance 296 Gambling on Campus 344
Prediabetes 296 Risk Factors for Problem Gambling 345
Diabetes Mellitus 296 Drug Use on Campus 345
Who Is at Risk? 297 Why Students Don’t Use Drugs 345
Types of Diabetes 297 Why Students Use Drugs 345
Diabetes Signs and Symptoms 298
Understanding Drugs and Their Effects 347
Diabetes Management 298
Routes of Administration 348
Treatment 299
Dosage and Toxicity 348
Hypertension 299 Individual Differences 348
Hypertension in the Young 299 Gender and Drugs 348
Who Is at Risk? 299 Setting 349
What Your Blood Pressure Reading Types of Action 349
Means 301 Interaction with Other Drugs or Alcohol 349
Lowering High Blood Pressure 301
Caffeine and Its Effects 349
Your Lipoprotein Profile 302 Caffeine Intoxication 350
What Is a Healthy Cholesterol Reading? 302 Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks 351
Lowering Cholesterol 302
Medications 351
Lifestyle Changes 303
Over-the-Counter Drugs 352
Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease 304
Prescription Drugs 352
How the Heart Works 304
Drugs and Alcohol 353
Heart Risks on Campus 305
Substance Use Disorders 354
Psychosocial Risk Factors 306
Dependence 354
The Heart of a Woman 307
Abuse 355
Crises of the Heart 308
Intoxication and Withdrawal 355
Coronary Artery Disease 308
Polyabuse 355
Atherosclerosis 308
Coexisting Conditions 355
Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) 308
Causes of Substance Use Disorders 355
Is It a Heart Attack? 308
Prescription Drug Abuse 356
Stroke 309 Prescription Drugs on Campus 356
Risk Factors 310 Prescription Stimulants 357
Causes of Stroke 311 Prescription Painkillers 357
Why Quick Treatment Matters 311
Commonly Abused Drugs 358
Cancer 311 Cannabinoids 358
Understanding Cancer 312 Herbal Drugs 361
Who Is at Risk? 312 Synthetic Designer Drugs 361
Common Types of Cancer 314 Club Drugs 363
Infectious Diseases 322 Stimulants 364
Agents of Infection 322 Depressants 369
How Infections Spread 324 Opioids 370
The Process of Infection 325 Hallucinogens 371
Who Develops Infections? 325 Dissociative Drugs 372
Immune Response 327 Inhalants 373
Contents vii
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Treatment of Substance Dependence and Abuse 374 Clove Cigarettes (Kreteks) 413
Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment 374 Smokeless Tobacco 413
12-Step Programs 375 Quitting Tobacco Use 414
Relapse Prevention 375 Physical Benefits of Quitting 414
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Quitting 414
CHAPTER 12 Nicotine Replacement Therapy 415
Alcohol and Tobacco 381 Electronic Cigarettes 416
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 416
Drinking in America 382
Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke 416
Why People Don’t Drink 382
Thirdhand Smoke 417
Why People Drink 383
Drinking on Campus 383 (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:49)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:18)(cid:24)(cid:1)(cid:116)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:66)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:1)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:58)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:18)(cid:25)
Why Students Don’t Drink 385
CHAPTER 13
Why Students Drink 385
High-Risk Drinking on Campus 386 Consumer Health 423
Why Students Stop Drinking 390
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) 424
Alcohol-Related Problems
What You Need to Know 424
on Campus 390
Consequences of Drinking 390 Consumer-Driven Health Care 425
Improving Your Health Literacy 426
Understanding Alcohol 392
Finding Good Advice Online 426
Blood-Alcohol Concentration 393
Getting Medical Facts Straight 427
Moderate Alcohol Use 395
Evidence-Based Medicine 428
Alcohol Intoxication 396
Outcomes Research 428
Alcohol Poisoning 396
Personalizing Your Health Care 428
The Impact of Alcohol on the Body 397
Your Family Health History 429
Digestive System 397
Gender Differences 429
Weight and Waists 398
Mobile Health (mHealth) Apps and Monitors 429
Cardiorespiratory System 398
Cancer 398 Self-Care 430
Brain and Behavior 398 Oral Health 430
Interaction with Other Drugs 399 Becoming a Savvy Health-Care Consumer 431
Immune System 399 Making the Most of a Medical Visit 432
Increased Risk of Dying 399 Talking with Your Health-Care Provider 433
Alcohol, Gender, and Race 399 After Your Visit 434
Gender 399 Preventing Medical Errors 436
Race 400 Avoiding Medication Mistakes 436
Alcohol-Related Disorders 401 Your Medical Rights 437
Alcohol Use Disorder 401 Your Right to Be Treated with Respect and Dignity 437
Medical Complications 402 Your Right to Information 437
Your Right to Privacy and Access to Medical
Treatment for Alcoholism 403
Records 437
Recovery 404
Your Right to Quality Health Care 438
Tobacco in America 404
Elective Treatments 438
Why People Smoke 404
Vision Surgery 438
Tobacco Use Disorder 405
Cosmetic Surgery 439
Tobacco Use on Campus 406
Body Art Perils 439
Social Smoking 406
Health Hoaxes and Medical Quackery 439
College Tobacco-Control Policies 407
Smoking, Gender, and Race 407 Nontraditional Health Care 440
Types of CAM 441
Tobacco’s Immediate Effects 408
How Nicotine Works 408 The Health-Care System 444
Tar and Carbon Monoxide 408 Health-Care Practitioners 444
Health-Care Facilities 445
Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking 409
Health Effects on Students 409 (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:49)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:1)(cid:116)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:66)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:1)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:58)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:25)
Premature Death 410
Heart Disease and Stroke 410 CHAPTER 14
Cancer 410 Protecting Yourself
Respiratory Diseases 410
and Your Environment 453
Other Harmful Effects 411
Emerging Tobacco Products 411 Unintentional Injury 454
Electronic Cigarettes 411 Safety on the Road 454
Water Pipes (Hookahs) 412 Avoid Distracted Driving 455
Other Forms of Tobacco 412 Don’t Text or Talk 456
Cigars 413 Stay Sober and Alert 456
Pipes 413 Buckle Up 457
Bidis 413 Check for Air Bags 457
viii Contents
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