Table Of ContentA N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O
S U S T A I N A B L E
D E V E L O P M E N T
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A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O
S U S T A I N A B L E
D E V E L O P M E N T
Peter P. Rogers • Kazi F. Jalal • John A. Boyd
Published by
Glen Educational Foundation, Inc.
EARTHSCAN
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First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2008
Copyright © Glen Educational Foundation, Inc., 2008
All rights reserved
ISBN: 978-1-84407-520-6 (hardback)
978-1-84407-521-4 (paperback)
Preliminary production work by Island Publishing House, Inc., Philippines
Editing by Stephen J. Banta, David Sheniak, and Anita Feleo
Formatting by Segundo P. dela Cruz Jr., Zenaida S. Antonio, and Dyosa Marie S. Antonio
Information technology by Joseph Reyes and Roberto S. Anselmo
Design and layout by Felix Mago Miguel
Layout Assistant: Susan Lascano-Dungan
Final typesetting by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
Cover design by Susanne Harris
Materials sourced from the Asian Development Bank are reproduced with its permission. For more information on
development in Asia and the Pacific, see www.adb.org.
Materials were also sourced from the United Nations System, including the World Bank. Some pictures were provided by
Asian Development Bank (Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. and 15) and Felix Mago Miguel (Chapters 3, 13, and 14).
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rogers, Peter P., 1937-
An introduction to sustainable development / Peter P. Rogers, Kazi F. Jalal, John A. Boyd.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-521-8 (hbk.)
ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-520-1 (pbk.)
1. Sustainable development. 2. Environmental policy. I. Jalal, Kazi F. II. Boyd, John A., 1942- III. Title.
HC79.E5R63134 2007
338.9’27—dc22
2007039463
The paper used for this book is FSC-certified and totally chlorine-free. FSC (the
Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible
management of the world’s forests.
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CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Preface 10
Acknowledgments 13
Authors and Contributors 15
Abbreviations and Acronyms 16
Chapter 1
From Malthus to Sustainable Development
Some Intellectual Underpinnings (and a Disclaimer) 20
Why Sustainability? 22
Nine Ways to Achieve Sustainability 23
Economics as the Dismal Science 28
Population, Resources, Environment, and Sustainability 29
Sustainability on the Highway Produced by Three Key Sources of Energy 35
A Look Forward 39
Chapter 2
Challenges of Sustainable Development
Concept of Sustainability 42
Factors Governing Sustainable Development 47
Linkages Among Sustainable Development, Environment, and Poverty 50
Determinants of Sustainable Development 65
Case Studies on Sustainable Development 79
Chapter 3
Global Environmental Issues
Population, Income, and Urbanization 84
Health Care 87
Food, Fisheries, and Agriculture 87
Materials and Energy Flows 92
Transportation: The Automobile Industry 96
Precautionary Principle 98
Forestry 99
Water Resources 99
Valuation of Nature’s Services 101
Coping with Global Problems 103
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Chapter 4
Sustainable Development Indicators
Need for Indicators 106
Statistical Procedures 111
Emissions, Diffusion, and Impact Model 112
Aggregating Indicators 116
Other Weighting Systems 119
Use of Principal Component Analysis 123
Three Environmental Quality Indices 123
Summary 132
Annex 133
Chapter 5
Environmental Assessment
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 140
Environmental Impact Assessment 143
Project Categories Based on Environmental Impacts 147
Impact Identification Methods 147
Environmental Impact Assessment Process 149
Chapter 6
Environmental Management: Trends and Policies
Milestones in Environmental Management 158
Revisiting Complex Issues 162
Sector Policies Concerning the Environment 163
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 171
Institutional Framework for Environmental Management 174
Achievements in Environmental Management 174
People’s Perception of the Environment 174
Why is the Environment Bad? 176
Millenium Development Goals 177
Conclusion 182
Chapter 7
Legislation, International Law, and Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Definitions 184
Sources of International Law 186
The Four Questions In the Context of International Law 188
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) 201
Some Early Contributions to Environmental Law and Sustainable Development
by Lawyers, Scholars, and Judges 210
Conclusion 213
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Chapter 8
Social Dimensions and Policies
Eradication of Poverty 219
Participatory Development 228
Consensus Building 231
Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs) 233
Gender and Development 235
Involuntary Resettlement 239
Indigenous Peoples (IPs) 242
Social Exclusion 245
Social Analysis 247
Social Development Indicators (SDIs) 251
Conclusion 257
Chapter 9
The Economics of Sustainability
Evolution of Economic Thinking About the Environment
and the Role of Different Economic Factors 260
Concepts of Welfare 262
Public Goods, Common Property, and Private Goods 272
Summary 274
Chapter 10
Sustainability: Externalities, Valuation, and Time Externalities
Valuation 277
Approaches to Valuation 282
Economics Assessment of Sustainable Projects 287
Categories of Costs 290
Economic Life of a Project 291
Economic Assessment of Sustainable Plans and Projects 292
Economic Assessment of Investments in Climate Change Mitigation 293
Summary 297
Chapter 11
Natural Resource Accounting
National Income: Definitions and Limitations 300
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 303
Human Development Index (HDI) 307
World Bank’s Wealth of Nations 307
Genuine Savings 310
Summary of National Sustainability Accounting 312
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Chapter 12
The Role of International Financial Institutions
Development and Environment at the World Bank 314
Integrating Environment and Poverty Reduction 318
Environment and Growth 321
Millennium Development Goals and the World Bank 325
Attacking Poverty Through Sustainable Development 328
World Bank Experience and Goals 330
Corporate Social Responsibility: The Triple Bottom Line 341
Developed Countries and Sustainable Development 343
Chapter 13
International Cooperation
Organizations Responsible for Sustainable Development 346
Reform and Revitalization of Global Organizations 348
World Summit on Sustainable Development 353
Role of Non-State Actors in Sustainable Development 358
NGOs and Social Entrepreneurs 362
Financing Sustainable Development 364
Cooperation Between Regions 366
Peoples’ Earth Charter 367
Conclusion 368
Chapter 14
Sustainable Development: Crisis, Conflict, and Compromise
Crisis 370
Role of Natural Resources and the Environment 371
Conflict 374
Compromise 379
Summary 381
Epilogue 385
References 389
Index 407
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FOREWORD
T
he concept of sustainable development has been evolving for more than 30 years. The
1972 United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm,
Sweden, contrib uted to this evolution by emphasizing that protection of the human
environment is a crucial element in the developm ent agenda. As a result of that
conference, the United Nations Environment Programme Secretariat was established to promote
international environmental cooperation. On the national front, countries through out the world
began to set up or improve their respective environmental institutions. Earlier, in 1970, the United
States had already established the Environ mental Protection Agency for a cleaner, healthier
country.
In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by then Prime
Minister of Norway Gro Harlem Brundtland, issued a report entitled Our Common Future. Also
known as the Brundtland Report, this landmark document suggests that creating separately existi ng
environmental institutions is not enough because environmental issues are an integral part of all
development policies. They are crucial to economic considerations and sector policies and should
be integrated as part of energy decisions, social issues, and other aspects of development work.
The next milestone in the evolution of sustainable development occurred at the 1992 UN
Confer ence of Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, also known as the Earth Summit.
Its major contribution was to give equal importance to the environment and developm ent. It
endorsed Agenda 21, both a think piece and a program of action governing human activities
with an impact on the environment. It also endorsed the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, and the Statement of Forest Principles.
Most importantly, the Earth Summit helped finalize the UN Climate Change Convention and
the Biodiversity Convention, both signed by a great number of heads of state. The UN Climate
Change Convention and the recently ratified Kyoto Protocol have made significant contributions
to the evolution of sustainable development. Article 4 of the UN Climate Change Convention pro-
vides that “the Parties [to that Convention] have the right to, and should, promote develop ment.”
The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism is designed in part to assist partici pa ting
developing countries “in achieving sustainable development.”
At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South Africa,
heads of state and world leaders committed to implement Agenda 21. They also decided to carry
out a plethora of partnerships to promote sustainable development. These endeavors in our com-
mon cause have made sustainable development a part of everybody’s vocabulary and agenda.
Once of concern only to environm ental specialists, sustainable development has become a conc ept
that concerns everyone.
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