Table Of Content1db y
AlfrAe.Kd n opAfL.B ECRATM UTSh,Pe l agSuteuGa,ir ltb terrat1n,9s 7.C2,o. p yright
© 194b8yS tuGairltb Reerptr.i bnytp eedr misosfAi lofnrA e.Kd n opIfn,c .
ic or
AmeriScoacnif eoAtrey s thMetOiRcRWsIE.SI T"ZT,hR eo loefT heoirny
1i nw rit-
AestheitnTi hcJeso ,u"ro Anfea slt haenAtdri Ctcr si tXiVcN,io s1.m( S eptember
195R6e)p.r ibnytp eedr mission.
AtheneHuEmN.RC YL ARWKAER REtNr,a "nIsn.t,r odtuotc ht]eia ok(nai t.a5 8.81)
antdh Mea hav(aig.g2ai1 nB. u1)d,d"hi inTs rma ns1l9a8t7i.o n,
BantDaomu bleDdealPylu bliGsrhoiunIpgn, RAc Y.M ONAD.M OODJYR,T. h,e
LigBhety ocnodp,y r©i 1g9h8bt8yR aymoAn.Md o odJyrU,.s ebdyp ermis
sioonfB antDaomu bleDdealPylu bliGsrhoiunIpgn, c .
BeacPorne VsIsK.T EO.FR RA NKfLr,o Mma nS'esa froMcreh a nAinnI gn:t rc1tdou ction
Logothceorpayrp©iy 1g,9h 51t99,61 29,81 49,9b 2yV iktEo.Fr r anRkelp,r inted
byp ermisosfBi eoancP orne ss.
BenziPguebrl iCsohmipnagSn AyI.TN HTO MAAQSU INSAuSm,mT ah eologiuz,
LaureSnhcaep ctortae1n,9s 1.E1,x. c errepptrsi bnypt eerdm ission.
BrowUnn iverBsRAiNtDBy L.A NSH"ATRhNDee, w S ubjecitnEi tvhiisicmns ,"
PhiloasnoPdph heyn omenRoelsoe9gaN,iro cc3.ah( lM ar1c9h4 R9e)p.r ibnyt ed
permission.
CambriUdngiev ePrrseiNstEsyDB. L OC"KW,h aItn tuiAtbiooHunotsm unculi
DonS'hto wi,nB" e havainBodrr aaSilcn i eVnocl3e(. s1 ,9 8R0e)p.r iwnittehd
thpee rmisosfCi aomnb riUdngiev ePrrseistsy.
CambriUdngiev ePrrseiBstRsyU. CB ER IDGE"MBANr,a +iP nrso gr=eM sisn disn, "
BehavainBodrr aaSilcn i eVnocl3e(. s1 ,9 8R0e)p.r iwnitttehhdp e e rmisosfi on
CambriUdngiev ePrrseistsy.
CambriUdngiev ePrrseiJstOsyH. SN E AR"LMEi,n Bdrsa,ia nnsd Progirna ms,"
BehavainBodrr aaSilcn i eVnocl3e(. s1 ,9 8R0e)p.r iwnitttehhdp e e rmisosfi on
CambriUdngiev ePrrseistsy.
DovPeurb licIantAci..Jo A .nY sE,LR a,n guTarguaetn,hLd o g2inced,d 1.9,4 6.
Repribnypt eerdm ission.
FredeUrnigcaPkru blisChoCi.On RgL LIASMSO NTThI,el luosIfim omno rtraevl.i ty,
ed1.9,6 R5e.p ribnytp eedr misosfti haoeun t hor.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
HarperCPoulblliiInsnshAc,eN. rT sOF,NL YEW T,h Per esuomAfpt thieo1in9s 7m6,.
Repribnyt epde romfHi asrspieornC Poulblliinssh,e r, Inc.
HarperCPoulblliiInsnshGc,eI. rL sBREYRLTTEh ,Ce o ncoMefip ntad p,p roximately
1
20p agCeosp.y ri1g9hb4ty9G© i lRbyelrRete. p ribnypt eerdm iosfs ion
HarperCPoulblliiInsnshc,e. r s,
HarperCPoulblliiInsnshWc,eA. rL sTS,ET RA RCeEl,i agntidhoM eno deMrinn d,
seleecxtceeCdro ppty.r i1g9hb5ty2W© .T S.t aRceep.r ibnypt eerdm ission
ofHa rperCPoulblliiInsnshc,e. r s,
HarvUanridv ePrrseAisLtsVy.II G .NO LDMAENp,i staenmCdoo lgong1iy9t 8i6o.n ,
Repribnypt eerdm iostfs hipeou nb liCsahmebrrsMi,ad sgHsea.,r: v ard
UnivePrrsecisotspy,y ©r1 i9gb8hy6tt hPer esaindFdee nltlo oHfwa sr vard
College.
JohHnosp kUinnisv ePrrseHisEtsRy.B FEERIT1G1T hLSe,c ieOnuttilfoiock :
NaturaanlHdiu smma niisAnmm ,e"r Qiucaarnlt ( e1r9lR4ye9 p)r.i bnyt ed
permission.
MacmiPlulbalniC sohmipnaHgn. Gy E.N BEL OCPKhEiRl,o osAfor 1pt9h,7y 9 .
Repriwnitttehhpd ee rmiosfCs hiaorSnlc ersi bSnoenarsni', ms p roifn t
MacmiPlulbalni Csohmipnagn y. C1o9p7Gy9er nBielg hotc©k er.
The YNoerwTk i mCeosm paJnOyIM.-IA NR KOCFaFMn,a chiTnheisnH ku?m ans
11
MatWciht Tsh/Ne'e Ywo Trikm Neosv,e m9b1,e9 r9C 1o.p yr©i1 g9hb9ty1t he
NewY orTki mCeosm pany.
OxfoUrndi vePrrseFisrtsoyT.m h N ee Ewn gBliibsClhoe p.y ritghDheet l egates
©
ofth Oex foUrndi vePrrseaisntstdy h S ey ndoitfch Csea mbrUindigvee rsity
Pre1s9s61,19 ,71 09,8R 9e.p ribnypt eerdm ission.
OxfoUrndi vePrrseAis.JtsA .y.Y E11DRe,m onstortfa hItemi poons soifbility
MetaphiyMns iincXdsL ,I("I1 I9 34).
OxfoUrndi vePrrseRisItsCy.H MA.HR ADR TEh,Le a ngouMfao grea1 l9s5,2 .
Repribnypt eerdm iosfOs xifooUnrn di vePrrseistsy.
OxfoUrndi vePrrseAis.Mts .yT. U RI1'NCGo,m puMtaicnhgi nery and
IntelliiMngi en5nd9c( ,e1 ,9R"5e 0p)r.ib nypt eerdm iosfOs xifoonr d
UnivePrrseistsy.
PhilosophJiEcAaNl- SLPAiARbUTErLRxa Eir,sy t.e InasHt uimaalnicisosmpm y,r ight
© 194R6e.p ribnypt eerdm ission.
PrenHtailNclOe.R MMAANL COKLnMo,w laenCddeg ret caoipnyt©ry1 i,9g 6bh3yt
NormMaanl colm.
PrincUentiovneP rrseSisR.tsA y.D HAKRAINSCDHH NAARNAL .ME OSO ReEd,s .,
"SamyNuitkta5ay. o4,c2 i0t,ieA"ndS ouBrocioeInk n dPihainl o1s9o5p7h.y ,
Repribnypt eerdm ission.
PrincUentiovneP rrseRisItsCy.H RAORRDTP Yh,i loasntodhpM ehi yro rNfoa rt ure,
197R9e.p ribnypt eerdm ission.
!l
RoutlCehdagpema,an nd IHnaPclA.lUF ,LE YERA"BIEnNtDr,o fdruochmti iso n
AgaiMnestthr oeedvd,.1. 9,8b 8yp, e rmiostfsh ipeou nb liRsohuetrl,e dge,
ChapmaanHnda lItn c.
RoutlCehdagpema,an Hnd a lIlnA,cL .I SJOANG G"ALRoa,vn eKd n owledge:
EmotiinFo enm iEnpiisstt emRoelporgifynr.toW"emo d m eKnn,o wlaenddg e
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V
RealitGya,r rAyMn anar nidPl eyanr esdasl1.l9,,8b 9yp, e rmisosfti hpoeun b
lisRhoeurt,l edge,a nCHdha alIplnm,ca .n
Routl&eK deggePa na ul PLEtTGdEE.RA C"HI,m mortianGli otadyn t,d"hS eo u19l6,9 .
Rowma&nL ittlPeufbileilsRdhO eBrEAsRL.TM EDDEeRa,at nhPd e rsSounravli val:
ThEev idfeoLnricA fefe tD eera ctohp,y r©i 1g9h9bt2yR owma&nL ittlefield
PublisRheeprrsib.ny tp eedr mission.
StM.a rtPirne'Issns Dc,O. R OTEHMYM EfTr,o Tmh Meo rParli 1s9m7,R9 e.p rinted
witphe rmisosfSi tMo.an r tPirne'Issns c,o rporated.
SCMP reLstsdA .N TOFNLYE "WT,h eoalnoFdga yl sifiicnNa etwEi sosnia,ny" s
PhilosTohpehoiAlcnoatgolyFn ,ly ea wn Adl asMdaaciIrn teydrse.,,p p1.9 55,
90-R9e6p.r ibnytp eedr mission.
ScienAtmiefriiIccn aJcnE.,R FROYD OTRh,Me i nd-PBroodbyl em 1(9J8a1n)u.a ry
Repriwnittpehed r misCsoipoynr©.i 1 g9h8bt1yS cienAtmiefriiIccn aAcnl.,l
rigrhetsse rved.
SpringerJ-OVHeENrC lCaLTgEh.SSe ,e a lnfId tB sr acionp,y ri1g9h7Rt6e©.p rinted
byp ermission.
SpringerK-AVRePLrO lPaPTgEh.RSe ,e alnfId tB sr acionp,y r©i 1g9h7Rt6e.p rinted
byp ermission.
TheolToogdyaJ yO.HH NI C"KT,h eoalnoVdge yr ificianTt hieoonTl,oo"dgy1 a 7y
(1960). bRyep perrimnitsesdi on.
UniveorfCs ailtiyf PorrenCsi.Jsa D.. U CASISLsEi A,ff etD eeraP tohs sFiobelres?t,e r
LectSuerre2i ,ceo sp yr©i 1g9h4bt8yt hRee geonftt hsUe n iveorfs ity
California.
UniveorfCs ailtiyf PorrenLsiAsaR. R Y LASUcDiEaeNnnV,dc a el AuneE ss:so anty h e
AimosSf c iaennTdch eeR ioril nSe c ieDnetbiaeftxicece, fr rpotCmsh ap4t,e r
copyr©i 1g9h8Tt4h Ree geonftt hsUe n iveorfCs ailtiyf ornia.
UniveorfCs hiitcyPa rgeoTs HsO.M KAUSH N",T hSet rucotfSu criee ntific
Revolutoiroingsip,nu"ab llliyis nIh netde rnationaolUf n EinJciyecdl opedia
ScieVnocl2e.,N o, 2. 1, 9 62.
UnivePrrseiostfAsy m eriAcLaB.ES RCTH EVcEoNm,pS .w,a hPirloiv1 e9r8b5s.,
Repribnypt eerdm ission.
WestvPireewKs EsI.LT EHH RTEhRe,oo Kfrn yo wl1e9d9g0e., Rebpypr eirnmtiesd
sioonfW estvPireewBs osu,l der,Colorado.
WritHeorus,sI enMcA.R TLIUNT HKEIRN JGR,". L,e tftreoBrmi rminJgahAiaplmr, i l
161,9 6f3r,o"Wm h yW eC anW'atiR te.p ribnyta erdr angweimteThnh tHe e irs
tot hEes toaftM ea rtLiunt hKeirnJ gr,c. /,Jo o aDna vAegse nacsay g efnotr
thper opriCeotpoyrr©.i 1 g9h6bt3yM artLiunt hKeirnJ gr,c. o,p yright
renew1e9d9b 1yC oreStctoKati tn g.
YalUen ivePrrseiWstIsyL. L IKAEMLS LIYM PSeOdN".,W, i sdoofPm t ahhoitnp e,"
ThLei teroAafnt cuireen 1t9 7E2gy.p tE,rx ecperribpnytpt see rdm ission.
YalUen ivePrrseiCst.Lsy .. STEVEEtNhSaiOncNLds,a ngu1a9g4E4ex.,c erpts
repribnypt eerdm ission.
Thitse cxotn titnobu eae ism aetdi ntrodsutcuidntegnot t hwseo ndaenrrd i goofr
philosoapnhailcWyaeshl ia sv.te r ifeoadrb alabnectew meaekni tnhgi pnlgasti on
thneo viacnebd e itnrgut eot hrei godreomuasn odfps h ilosTohpiihtssy h .je u stifi
catifooonru erd itocroimamlebn rtesa kuiptn hgoe r igsionuarlac nedfs o orc ca
siocnoanlt emproernadreyro ifon lgdwseo rr kSso.m etitmhmeeas t eirjsiu atslot o
diffoirct uolloot n fgob re ginning wshtoou fdtneeennet tdsob , e r eassured that
thehya vaec tuuanldleyr sapt aososdba egfeto hreeay rr ee atdogy o o n.
Eacchh aprteefrl aencstwste ort she en durqiunegs toifpo hnisl osTowpoh y.
news ecthiaovnbese eand detdot heidsi tCihoanp:1t 1eW,rh aItSs c iePnocsei:t ivism
tPoo stmodaenradnn e ipsiml,oM gaukeiS,ne gnO sueot Lf i Tfoem .a kreo ofmo trh ese
anodt haedrd ittihocenh sa,po tnte hrpe h ilosoofhp ihsyth oabrsey e onm itted from
theidsi tTihoefn o.l lowingh acvbheea epcnto enrssi derablbyy a dedxipnagn ded
morpeo inotfvs i eawsr epresbeycn otnetde mproeraadriCynh gasp:2t AemrI a
1
Bodayn ad MiCnhda?p;3t ,Ae rmI F roereD etermCihnaepd4t?,eC; ra lnS urvive
DeatChha?p;6t O,e nrW haPtr inDcoiIJ p uldeTgshe i Rniggsoh Wrtr onagn?Cd;h apter
10W,h eCna InS a"yKI n ow"?
Thtee nxotw c oveirdse ntitays w etlhalest o hrey cosgcniietanipvcpeer oach
tot hmei nd-bpordoyb lienmc,l uadritnibgc yJl eersFr oyd oAr.M, .T uriJnogh,n
Searalnedt, w or epltioSe esa rallesi;on cluidsNe odr maMna lcoolnom t her
mindasn da na tteamtpa nt e urophysdieofleoongfsdi euc aallbi ysS miJ ro hn
EcclOents h.fe r eei-swsiulel , Joohfnf aeBs retsnr docenorgn tempdoerfaernys e
ofc ompatibKiarlPlio spmpg;ei rv aes sp ircirtietdoi fqs ucei entbifaisceadl ly
determiInnti hsseem c.t oinio mnm ortnaelwdi attyoa,nt heex istoefan nac fet er
liifspe r esenatleodn,g awnai ntahl byys isP etero fwG heaaitcm hm ortality
ougthomt e aBne.r nGaerrdat n Ddo rotEhmym eotne thiAclsv;i n Goldman and
Keith oLnee hpriesrt emaonlTdoh goym;a s KuhLna,u dLAaalnrl,ri Jysa ogng ar,
PauFle yeraabnedRn idc,h Raorrdot nys cieanncdteh ree latoifkv nioswml edge
rouonudtt h aed ditions.
Thee pilosghuoewh so wa p hilosompihniwdco aullt drt yom aksee nosfe
thqeu est"iWohnai tst hmee anionflg i fWee?t "a kuepn on-Wesatnesrwinen r s
thisse ctsioto hna stt udecnatsnse a eb road aptpoar nosawceGhri sv.et nh at
vii
AN OTOEN T HES XITH EDITION
philosoqpuheisctaaislok niesntd h Seo crtartaidcia tiiamota n na nswtoe" rW hat
itsh geo oldi fel-iwafi etm he aniwnges? e"te h eipsi loasga unae p propenrdi ate
tot hbeo ok.
Wea rceo nvi tnhc atethdeasded it ainoden sspec tihaeelp liyl owgouuelbde
pleats oAilnbgu Craesyt wehl oeld,i tteehfd i erdsit tii n1o9n4a 3n cdo ntitnou ed
be seneidoirut notrhi idlsea thi n1 987.
Wew oulldi tkoet han tkhMea cmiledliatnoof Prhi los oapnhdRey ligion,
MaggBiaer bifeohrreri e,n thus siuapsptooiftrch it sr evis eeddit iOournt .ahnks
alsgoot oSharLoenet ,hp er odu cetdiioftnoothrri bsoo kat MacmilWlewa ener.
alhseol pweidtt hhp ee rmisbsyGi ioannM sc CormaancAdkm iJ ohnsatnowdni th
copeyd it biyPn egg GluntCzh.r Diesl asaansdsri yws ittethdh ceompiol ftihneg
indAenxd.a sa lwaAylsiD,co en ohthoeeP ,h ilosDoeppahryt mseenctr emtaadrey ,
everywtohrikn.g
Naturoaulr wliyv,eM sa,rE yl laenndL a urhiavee,to b et hankfeoidfra, n y
onseu fftehrroeguhd t hpea ionfpsr oductihnbiogso kt,h edyi d.
DonMa.lB do rchert
ArtZhuucrk er
OhiUon iversity
AtheOnhsi,o
Augu1s9t9 3
CHAPT1E R
WhaItsP hilosoph1 y?
1.1S ocratTeHsEE: X AMINLEIDF E 2
CHAPT2E R
AmI Bao dayn daM ind2?1
21
TheQ uestiPoons ed
2.1R enDee scarItA eMsA M: I N(DR ECSO G/TANS)
ANDA B ODY( REESX TENSA)2 3
2.2G ilbertD ERSyClAeR:T WEASSC ONFUSED 32
JJ..
2.3 C.S marTtH:EI DENTTIHTEYO RY 46
2.4
JerFroyd oFrU:N CTIONAALSAI C SRMI TIQUE
OFI DENTTIHTEYO RAYN DL OGICBAELH AVIORI5S0M
A.
2.5 M.T uri:nM ACHINCEASNT HINK65
g
2.6J ohSne arClOeM:P UTECRASN NOTTH INK 72
2.7B rucBer iedmana ndN edB locSkE:A RLIESM ISTAKEN7 6
g
2.8N ormaMna lcolTmH:EA RGUMEFNRTO M ANALOGY
FORO THEMRI NDISSB ASEODN A M ISCONCEPTI8O1N
2.9
JohEnc clCeOsN:T EMPORARY DU8AL6I SM
CHAPT3E R
Am; F reoerD etermine9d1 ?
TheQ uestiPoons ed 91
3.1
BaroDn' HolbaIcA hMD: E TERMINE9D2
3.2J ean-Paul IAS MaF rRtErEe :9 9
3.3W altTe.Sr t acIAe M:D ETERMIANNEDFD R EE 110
3.4
WilliJaamm eTsH:E D ILEMMAD EOTFE RMINI1S1M9
ix
CONTENTS
3.5K arPlo ppAeNrA R:G UMEFNOTR I NDETERMINI1S3M1
3.6J ohWn B endCeOrM:PA TIBIlSUN SOQM U AGMIRE134
CHAPT4E R
CanIS urvDievaet h?1 53
ThQeu estPioosne d1 53
4.1C orlLiasmso DnEtA:TI HST HEE ND 155
4.2C urJto hDnu casTHsEQe U:E STIIOSSN T IOLPLE N 167
4.3R obeArltm edDeErAT:IH SN OTT HEE ND 175
4.4P etGeera cDhUA:L IRSEMJ ECTBEUDTS URVIAVFAFLI RMED200
4.5A ntoFnlye DwE:A TIHST HEE ND 209
CHAPT5E R
WhaGtr ounDdosI H avfeo Bre liineG fo d? 221
ThQeu estPioosne d2 21
5.1T homAaqsu inBEaLsI:SEU FP PORTBEYPD R OOFS224
5.2B laPiassecB EaLlI:WEI FT HOPURTO OFS231
5.3D avHiudm eD:O UBTASB OUNTA TURTAHLE OLOGY240
5.4J ohSnt uMairtlAF lI:N IGTOED 249
5.5T H.H uxlAeGyN:O STICISMO-N-LLTYEH GEI TIRMEASTPEO NSE259
5.6W illJiaammeL EsG:I TIMBAETLEII ENSF P ITOEFA GNOSTICIS2M65
5.7A ntoFnlyea wn Jdo hHni cFkA:L SIFICAANTDVI EORNI FICAT2IO7N4
CHAPT6E R
OnW haPtr incDiopI Jl ued gTeh inRgisg ohrtW rong?2 89
ThQeu estPioosne d2 89
6.1W illPiaalmTe HyEW: I LOLF G OD 292
6.2I mmanKuaenlTt H:EC ATEGORIICMAPLE RATI2V9E9
6.3J ohSnt uMairtlT HlEM: A XIMIZAOTFHI AOPNP INES3S11
6.4F riedNriiecthz TsHcERh EeL:AT IOVFIM TOYR ALITY322
6.5A .J Ay.e rE:M OTIVAIFSFMI RMED340
6.6B raBnlda nsEhMaOrTdI:VCI RSIMT IQUE3D48
6.7C .L S.t evenEMsOoTnI:VRI ESFMI NED357
6.8R .M .H arPeR:E SCRIPTIVISM-REOFNSI TNEEVMEENNSTOSN 374
69. BernGaerrdMt O:RA LITY389
6.1D0o rotEmhmye TtH:EM ORAPLR ISM397
CONTENTS xi
CHAPT7ER
WhenS houIlC do nfotrotm h Lea w? 403
ThQeu esPtoisoend 40 3
7.1T homHaosb bTeHsEC A:S FEO RT HEL EGISLALTIIFVEE4 04
7.2J eJaanc qRuoeuss sTeHECa AuS:FEO RT HEC OMMOGNO OD 412
7.3E dmuBnudr TkHeEC: A SFEO RC ONSERVATI4S2M2
7.4K aMralr TxH:EC ASFEO RR EVOLUTIO4N32
7.5J ohSnt uMairltl C:A SFETO HREL IBERATNYDL AW 447
7.6M arLtuitnKh ienrTg HE:C A SE FORD ICSIOVBIELD IEN4C6E6
CHAPT8ER
WhaTth inSghsa IlC la lAlr t? 479
ThQeu esPtoisoend 47 9
8.1H .G enBel ocAkReTA SrR :EP RESENTAOTFRI EOANL ITY480
8.2E ugeVneer oARnTA: SE XPRESSOIFOE NM OTION493
8.3L eTool stAoRTAy S:C O MMUNICAOTFIE OMNO TION501
8.4R .G .C ollinAgRwTAo SE oXdPR:E SSOIFOE NM OTION508
8.5J ohHno spCeRrIsTI:OQ FUE EX PRESSIONI5S1M4
8.6M orWreiisIt SAz E:ST HETFIOCUSN DEODNA M ISTAKE5?26
CHAPT9ER
WhaSth aIlS la yAb ouUtl timRaetael ity5?3 7
ThQeu esPtoisoend 53 7
9.1T homHaosb bTeHsEC L:A IOMFSM ATERIALI5S3M9
9.2G eorBgeer kTeHlECe LyAI:OM FSI DEALIS5M46
9.3A rthur SchToHECp LeAnIOMhFSaV OuLeUrNT:A RIS5M57
9.4A uguCsotmetT HeEC: L AIOMFSP OSITIVI5S7M1
CHAPT1ER0
WhenC anIS ay" IK now"?5 81
ThQeu esPtoisoend 58 1
10.Dla vid AHNAu PmPeETA:LO E XPERIENC5E82
10.I2m manKuaenAltC R:I TIOQFUR EE ASOINNE XPERIENC5E90
10.A3.J A.ye rAC: R ITIFQRUOEML OGICPAOLS ITIVI6S0M1
10.R4.G .C ollinTgwHoEP oREdS:U PPOSIOTFIK ONNOSW LEDGE612
10.A5l vGionl dmTHaEEn L:E MENOTFSE PISTEMOLO6G1Y8
10.K6e iLtehh rTHeEAr N:A LYOSFIK SN OWLEDGE625
CONTENTS
CHAPT1E1R
WhaItsS cience?-PotsoPi otsitvmiosdme rn6i3s1m
ThQeu estPioosne d6 31
11.H1e rbFeeritTgH lEP :OS ITIVVIIESOWTF S CIENCE6 31
11.T2h omKaush PnR:O BLEWMIST THH EP OSITIVISTIC
INTERPRETAOTFSI COINESN CE6 40
11.P3a uFle yeraRbEeLAnTdI:VEI VSEMIN,N S CIENCE,
IST HEO NLCYO NCLUSIO6N4 9
11.L4a rLrayu dKaUnH:NH A SM ISRESACDI ENACNEDI THSI STORY6 53
11.A5l iJsaogng SCaIrE:NI CSNE E ITHOEBRJ ECTIVE
NORU NEMOTIONA6L6 3
11.R6i chRaorrdRt EyL:AT IMVEIASNMTS H EE NDO FP HILOSOPH6Y7 2
11.H7 G enBel ocAkNEe XrP:L ANATIPOONS TOMFO DERNI6SM7 4
EPILOEG U
MakiSnegn sOeu otf L ife6 83
ThQeu estPioosne d6 83
1.VikEt.Fo rra nTHkEWl I:LT LO M EANING686
2.ThBei blTircaadliT tHESi ToOnRO:YF T HEG ODW HOA CTS 699
3.ThBeu ddhTaridsitt TiHoES nTO:RO YF
TRANSCENSDIUNFGF ERIN7G1 0
4.ThAfer icTaarnd itTiHoES nTO:RO YF P URSUING
THEM ORAILD EAL7 18
5.AlbCearmtu TsHE:S T OROYF C OMBATTSIUNFGF ERIN7G31
Glossar7y3 9
Index
757
hibso oikas n i ntrodtuopc htiiloonsI oitpws hr yi.tw tiettnhh b ee ginsntiung
denotfp hilosionmp ihnyWd e.m ustth,e retfrtoyorg eec,tl efarrot mho eu tset
wha"tp hiloisso.p hy"
Peopulsete h weo r"dp hilosionap n huym"bo efcr o ntePxetrshy.ao pus
havhee ard brewertiheepsih ria ldovsoeofbrp ethemiyras kei anngid,n nkeepers
procltahiepmih ri losoofip nhnyk eeapnicdno ga,cd heebsat theep ihri losophies
off ootobrba alslk eWthbeapnle lo.p slpee oafk" philosiontp hhesyse"et tings
theuys uatlalktyehw eo rtdom eanp o"iaon ft "o r" ap ersonal" o r
"ap erswoanyoa rlt echnfioqru es omethAinndwg h.i"tl hee pseeo pulsee
thtee r"mp hilosopuhnyh"e sitmaotsiotnft g hleywm,o ulpdr obabbel y
somewrhealtu tctoca atnlhtle mspehlivleoss Ionpdheewerodsu,.wl ed fiintd
ratshterra inwfge eh eaorndoe f t hesma yA,sa p hilosIot phhieanhr ko, t el
11
shoublemd a nagteoed n sutrheeav te urnyti utr anp sr ofit"?
Thihse sitoafpn ecoypt loce a tlhle mse"lpvheislo saottp hhseea rmtsei" m e
that ftihtnehdye mseexlpvoeusn odnti hneg"i prh ilosooftp hhoiirtse h ssa"ut g
gestthsat hte sye ntsheat thp eh ilosooftp hphehy i losiosspo hmeert hing other
thaapn e rspooniaonlfvt i eowra c erttaeicnh nfiodqrou iesn ogm ething.
Whatth,e dno,ep sh ilosmoepafhnoy tr h peh ilosopher?
Thtee r"mp hiloisdsoe prhiyfv"re otdmw Gor eweokr dpsh:i mleeainn"i tnog
lovaen"sd o pmheiaan i"nwgi sdPohmi.l"o tshoepinh"s,yt ,hl eo voef "
anadp hiloissao" plhoeovrfew ri sdoAmc.c"o rtdoai nna gn citernatd itthieo n,
firpsetr stoocn a hlilm sae" lpfh iloswoapsh etrh"ec esnitBxu.trGChyr. e ek
thinPkyetrh,a goras.
Buwth adto eismt e atnoc aolnle sael lofvo efwr i sdoAmn?dw haitts h is
"wisdtohmta"th p eh ilosloopvhseeesre, ak nspd,u rsuCelse?aw rhlaywt,e a re
lookfioinrasg d efinoifpt hiiolno sAonep nhgya.g ainnidgn strwuacytt ofi ovre
mulaotnieets oo bsearp vhei losoapchteairno tdnh ens inogultteh ocshea r
acteroifts htpeih cisl oswohpihsceehre t mom akteh paetr sapo hni losLoepth er.
1
