An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals

367 Pages·2021·10.767 MB·English

by  Zbigniew H. Stachurski, Gang Wang

An Introduction to Metallic
Glasses and Amorphous
Metals

An Introduction to Metallic
Glasses and Amorphous
Metals
Zbigniew H. Stachurski
Gang Wang
Xiaohua Tan
Elsevier
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Contents
CHAPTER1 Introduction .................................................. 1
References................................................... 7
CHAPTER2 Makingofmetallicglassesandapplications ........................ 9
2.1 Applicationsofmetallicglasses .................................. 9
Aerospaceandbeyond .......................................... 9
Protectiveshield........................................... 10
Applicationascompliantmechanisms .......................... 11
Applicationasgears ........................................ 12
Applicationasmirrors ...................................... 12
Applicationtocorrosionresistance ............................. 14
Applicationtosolarwindcollection ............................ 14
Applicationasmagneticsensors ............................... 15
Applicationassuper-conductingsensor ......................... 16
Biologicalapplicationsofmetallicglasses ........................... 17
Recentdevelopmentsofmetallicglassesasbiomaterials ............. 17
Mg Zn Ca alloy ........................................ 18
60 35 5
Ti Cu Pd Zr alloy ..................................... 19
40 36 14 10
Non-degradablemetallicglasses(Ti-,Zr-,Fe-,Pt-basedMGs) ........ 19
Zr-basedmetallicglasses .................................... 20
Fe-basedmetallicglasses .................................... 20
Pt-basedmetallicglasses .................................... 21
Mg-,Zn-,Ca-,Sr-basedmetallicglasses......................... 21
Metallicglasstransformers ...................................... 22
Sportingequipmentandpersonalitems ............................. 24
Optical,magnetic,andelectrical .................................. 25
Amorphoussiliconsolarcells .................................... 26
Jewellery .................................................... 26
Metallicplasticine ............................................. 27
RewritableDVDs ............................................. 28
Manufacturingprocess ...................................... 29
Howthematerialfunctionsinasystem? ......................... 29
References................................................... 31
2.2 Makingmetallicglasses ........................................ 32
Castingintoamold ............................................ 32
Spinningwheelmethod ......................................... 35
High-pressuretorsion........................................... 37
Ti–Nialloy............................................... 38
Fe B Si P alloy ....................................... 40
78 8.5 9 4.5
v
vi Contents
ZrTiNiCualloy ........................................... 40
Ballmilling .................................................. 41
Coldrolling .................................................. 42
References................................................... 44
CHAPTER3 Solidification ................................................. 45
3.1 Solidificationbycrystallization ................................... 45
Liquid→solidtransformationbycrystallization ...................... 45
Nucleation ................................................... 47
Nucleationphenomenonandphysicalprocess .................... 47
Nucleationkinetics......................................... 50
Embryos,nuclei,andcriticalsize .............................. 50
Temperaturedependenceofnucleation .......................... 53
Structuraldependenceofnucleation ............................ 55
Crystalgrowth ................................................ 55
Viscosity .................................................... 56
Kineticsofcrystallization ....................................... 58
Assumptionsforisothermalcrystallization ....................... 59
Homogeneousnucleationandsphericalgrowth.................... 61
Instantaneousheterogeneousnucleationandsphericalgrowth ......... 61
Randomnucleationandsurfacegrowth ......................... 62
Randomnucleationanddiffusioncontrolledsphericalgrowth ......... 62
Microstructureofsolidifiedmetals ................................. 63
Stereologyofmicro-structures ................................ 63
AnalysisoftheKJMAequation ................................... 64
Temperaturedependenceofthecrystallizationrate ................. 66
References................................................... 66
3.2 Solidificationofglass .......................................... 68
Theprocess .................................................. 68
Useoftheterms“amorphous”and“glass” ....................... 71
Varietyofglasses .......................................... 71
Threecharacteristicscommontoallglasses .......................... 72
DiffusehaloX-rayscatteringpattern ........................... 72
StepatT onDSCcurve .................................... 73
g
GradientchangeatT indilatometry ........................... 74
g
Relationshipbetweencoolingrateandvitrification ..................... 74
TTTdiagramforaluminium .................................. 76
Continuouscoolingtransformation(CCT)diagrams ................ 78
Briefhistoryofmetallicglasses ................................... 80
Glass-formingability ........................................... 84
Reducedglasstransitiontemperature ........................... 88
Fragility .................................................... 88
Thecageeffect ............................................... 91
References................................................... 95
Contents vii
CHAPTER4 Characterizationofmetallicglasses ............................... 97
4.1 Glasstransitiontheories ........................................ 97
Introduction .................................................. 97
Kinetictheory(WLF) .......................................... 99
Freevolumetheory ............................................ 100
Entropytheory................................................ 103
Stressfluctuations’theory ....................................... 105
Viscoelastictheory............................................. 109
Modecouplingtheory(MCT) .................................... 110
Geometricalfrustrationtheory .................................... 112
Clusterjammingtheory ......................................... 114
Space-timebubbles’theory ...................................... 115
Localtransitionevents .......................................... 117
Conclusions .................................................. 120
References................................................... 121
4.2 Mechanicaltesting ............................................ 124
Tensiletesting ................................................ 125
Measuringthesample ...................................... 127
Calculatingelasticproperties ................................. 127
Compressiontesting ........................................... 128
Sheartesting ................................................. 129
Hydrostatictesting ............................................. 130
Surfacehardnesstesting......................................... 130
Thescienceandengineeringofhardnesstesting ....................... 131
Testingathightemperature ...................................... 134
Dynamicmechanicaltesting ..................................... 134
References................................................... 136
CHAPTER5 Modelsofstructure ............................................ 137
Atomicarrangementsinsolids .................................... 137
Atomsandtheirproperties ....................................... 137
Modelsofatomicpackingincrystals ............................... 140
Modelsofatomicpackinginmetallicglasses ......................... 141
Idealamorphoussolidstructure ............................... 142
Structurebasedonrandomlyorientedclusters .................... 144
Modelsofmicro-structureinmetals ................................ 146
Poly-crystallinemetals ...................................... 146
Heterogeneityofstructureinpoly-crystallinemetals................ 147
Heterogeneityofstructureinmetallicglasses ..................... 148
References................................................... 154
CHAPTER6 Magneticpropertiesofamorphousmetallicalloys .................... 157
Section1.Thehistoryofmagnetism ............................... 157
Ancientperiod(fromthe1stto18thcentury) ..................... 157
Electromagneticage(the19thcentury) .......................... 158
viii Contents
Developmentofmagnetism(the20thcentury) .................... 161
Ageofapplications(fromthe20thto21stcentury)................. 162
Atomic-scalemagnetism ........................................ 164
Magnetismofoneelectron ....................................... 164
Angularmomentum ........................................ 164
Orbitalmoment ........................................... 165
Spinmoment ............................................. 166
Thetotalmagneticmomentofoneelectron ...................... 166
Magnetismofoneatom ......................................... 167
Pauliexclusionprinciple .................................... 167
Magneticmomentofanatom ................................. 167
Hund’srules.............................................. 168
Macroscopic-scalemagnetism .................................... 168
Magnetization(M) ......................................... 168
Magneticsusceptibility ..................................... 169
Diamagnetismandparamagnetism ................................. 169
Ferromagnetism............................................... 171
Molecularfieldtheory ...................................... 171
Hysteresisloop ........................................... 173
Anisotropy ............................................... 173
Theclassificationofferromagneticmaterials ..................... 174
Hardmagneticmaterials..................................... 174
Softmagneticmaterials ..................................... 175
Section2.Applicationsofamorphousalloys ......................... 175
SoftmagneticbehaviorofFe-basedamorphousalloys .............. 175
Fabricationtechniques .......................................... 176
Coppermoldcasting ....................................... 176
J-quenchingcombinedwithfluxingtechnique .................... 177
Powdermetallurgy ......................................... 177
Additivemanufacturing(or3Dprinting)technique ................. 178
Enhancementofsoftmagneticproperties ............................ 178
ApplicationsofcommercializedFe-basedBMGs ...................... 179
MagneticbehaviorofNd-basedamorphoushardmagnets ............... 180
ModelsforthecoercivityofNd-basedamorphousalloys ............ 180
Microstructureandcompositionalcharacteristicsofamorphousphasein
theNd Fe Al bulkmagnet ................................ 181
60 30 10
Enhancingthemagneticpropertybyalloyingelements.................. 184
Magneto-caloricbulkamorphousalloys ............................. 185
Magneto-caloriceffect ...................................... 185
Abriefhistoryofthemagneto-caloriceffect ......................... 186
Characterizationofmagneto-caloricmaterials ........................ 186
Magneto-caloricbulkmetallicglasses .............................. 188
Section3.Outlookofmagneticamorphousalloys ..................... 188
References................................................... 190
Contents ix
CHAPTER7 Elasticityofmetallicgasses ..................................... 193
Continuummechanics .......................................... 193
Affineandnon-affinedeformation ................................. 193
Exampleofmacroscopicelasticdeformation ..................... 194
StrainmeasuredbytheVoronoimethod(atomiclevel) .............. 195
StrainmeasuredbytheX-raymethod:crystallinesolids ............. 197
StrainmeasuredbytheX-raymethod:amorphoussolids ............ 198
Deformationinbulkmetallicglass ................................. 200
ElasticmodulusbytheX-raymethod ............................... 201
DeformationinZr Al Ni Cu metallicglass ....................... 202
55 10 5 30
Contactprobabilityandaveragespacing ......................... 203
DeformationinZr Cu Al Ti metallicglass ...................... 205
46.5 45 7 1.5
DeformationinZr Cu Ni Al metallicglassundercooling ........... 207
64 16 10 10
Deformationinthinfilmmetallicglass.............................. 210
StructuralevolutioninZr Cu metallicglassduringcompression ........ 211
50 50
StructuralevolutioninZr Cu Ni Al duringheating ........... 213
64.13 15.75 10.12 10
Changesinatomicstructurerevealedbyradialdistribution ............... 215
References................................................... 218
CHAPTER8 Introductiontoanelasticdeformation .............................. 221
Creep ...................................................... 222
Stressrelaxation .............................................. 223
Mechanicalrelaxationanddynamiclossmodulus ..................... 224
Timeandtemperaturedependentbehavior ........................... 225
Creepofaluminium-basedmetallicglass ............................ 226
CreepofZr-basedmetallicglass .................................. 226
DynamicrelaxationinFe Al metallicglass ........................ 228
63 27
Free-volumeanelasticdeformationofmetallicglasses .................. 228
Theβ relaxationinLa–Ni–Almetallicglass ......................... 231
Definitionsofshearviscosity ..................................... 232
1.Newton’sdefinition ...................................... 232
2.Stokes’definition ........................................ 233
3.Hagen–Poiseuille’sdefinition ............................... 233
References................................................... 234
CHAPTER9 Plasticdeformationandyieldstrengthofmetals ...................... 235
Time–temperaturedeformationmaps ............................... 236
T–Tdeformationmapforpoly-crystallinemetal(silver) ............. 237
T–Tdeformationmapformetallicglass ......................... 238
Mechanismsofplasticityattheatomiclevel ...................... 238
Plasticityinmetallicglasses...................................... 239
PlasticflowinMGs ............................................ 241
Serratedflowatmacroscopiclevel ................................. 242
Environmentaltemperatureeffects ............................. 242
Dynamicalbehavior ........................................ 243
Micro-structureeffects ...................................... 263