an experimental apparatus for measurement of pressure drop, void fraction, and non-boiling two ...

145 Pages·2008·7.83 MB·English

by  Wendell Cook

ANEXPERIMENTALAPPARATUS FOR
MEASUREMENTOFPRESSUREDROP,VOID
FRACTION,ANDNON-BOILINGTWO-PHASEHEAT
TRANSFER AND FLOW VISUALIZATION IN PIPES
FOR ALLINCLINATIONS
By
WENDELLL. COOK
BachelorofSciencein Mechanical Engineering
OklahomaStateUniversity
Stillwater,Oklahoma
2004
Submittedto theFacultyofthe
GraduateCollegeofthe
OklahomaStateUniversity
inpartial fulfillment of
therequirements for
theDegreeof
MASTER OFSCIENCE
December,2008
ANEXPERIMENTALAPPARATUS FOR
MEASUREMENTOFPRESSUREDROP,VOID
FRACTION,ANDNON-BOILINGTWO-PHASEHEAT
TRANSFER AND FLOW VISUALIZATION IN PIPES
FOR ALLINCLINATIONS
Thesis Approved:
Dr.AfshinJ.Ghajar
Thesis Adviser
Dr.FrankW.Chambers
Dr.DavidG. Lilley
Dr.A.GordonEmslie
Deanofthe Graduate College
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank my graduate advisor, Dr. A. J. Ghajar for his guidance
support and patience and most of all for his friendship throughout my studies as a
master’s student as well as through the completion of this thesis. Iwould like to thank all
of the colleagues who have worked with me on this research, Clement Tang, Melkamu
Woldesemayat, Pranav Godbole, and Nishant Mathure. Special thanks go to Clement
without whosehardwork andfriendshipthis researchwouldnot havebeen possible.
Very special thanks go to my parents, George and Susan Cook, for their
unwavering love and support throughout my college career. This document is dedicated
to them for there is little doubt that it is they who instilled me with the perseverance and
determination to seethis part ofmyschoolingthroughtoclosure.
iii
TABLE OFCONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
II.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP....................................................................................8
2.1Test Platform....................................................................................................11
2.2Variable Inclination Frame..............................................................................12
2.3WaterTransport...............................................................................................14
2.4AirTransport....................................................................................................16
2.5Coriolis FlowMeters.......................................................................................17
2.6DataAcquisition..............................................................................................18
2.7PressureTransducer.........................................................................................20
2.8Connections totheTest Area...........................................................................21
2.9TheTest Branches............................................................................................22
2.10TheHeatedBranch........................................................................................23
2.10.1MixingSections.....................................................................................23
2.10.2Flow VisualizationSections..................................................................26
2.10.3Heated Test Section...............................................................................29
2.10.4ThermocoupleArray.............................................................................31
2.11FlowVisualization/VoidFractionBranch.....................................................33
2.11.1MixingSections.....................................................................................35
2.11.2ThermocoupleArray.............................................................................35
2.11.3VoidFractionSystem............................................................................35
2.11.4Flow VisualizationSection...................................................................38
III. CALIBRATIONOFEXPERIMENTAL SETUPAND
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE....................................................................41
3.1CalibrationofExperimental Setup...................................................................41
3.1.1PressureTransducer...............................................................................42
3.1.2ThermocoupleArray...............................................................................44
3.1.3Coriolis Flow Meters..............................................................................53
3.1.4VoidFractionSection.............................................................................54
3.2Experimental Procedure...................................................................................55
3.2.1Pre-OperationChecks............................................................................56
3.2.2System WarmUp.....................................................................................57
3.2.3Flow Visualization..................................................................................60
3.2.4PressureDrop Measurements.................................................................70
3.2.5VoidFractionMeasurements..................................................................72
3.2.6Heat Transfer Measurements..................................................................74
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Chapter Page
3.2.7System Shut Down..................................................................................77
IV. RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION.........................................................................79
4.1PressureDropMeasurements..........................................................................79
4.2VoidFractionMeasurements...........................................................................82
4.2.1Direct Comparison..................................................................................83
4.2.2Comparison withVoidFractionCorrelations........................................88
4.3Heat TransferMeasurements...........................................................................96
4.3.1Single-PhaseLiquidHeat Transfer Measurements................................97
4.3.2Two-PhaseHeat Transfer Measurements.............................................101
V. CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS...........................................107
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................110
APPENDIXA: LIST OFEXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT.............................113
APPENDIXB: UNCERTAINTYANALYSIS.....................................................117
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LIST OFTABLES
Table Page
Table3.1: CorrectedThermocouples withAssociatedCorrectionFactors.............49
Table3.2: VoidFractionCorrectionFactors andErrors Associatedwith
TestedAngleof Inclination...............................................................55
Table4.1: VoidFractionCorrelations usedfor Comparison Purposes...................90
Table4.2: Experimental vs. CalculatedVoidFractionfor0˚ Incline......................92
Table4.3: DataPoints CorrectlyPredicted within±15%at 5˚ Inclination.............93
Table4.4: DataPoints CorrectlyPredicted within±15%at 5˚ Inclination.............95
Table4.5: DataPoints CorrectlyPredicted within±15%forall Inclinations.........95
Table4.6: SinglePhaseHeat TransferCoefficients................................................99
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LIST OFFIGURES
Figure Page
Figure2.1: Schematic oftheExperimental Setup.....................................................9
Figure2.2: Experimental SetupintheFullyVertical Position................................10
Figure2.3: Test Platform andVariable InclinationFrame......................................13
Figure2.4: Schematic ofHeated Branch.................................................................24
Figure2.5: Schematic ofKofloStaticMixer...........................................................25
Figure2.6: Schematic ofPVC / NylonFlange........................................................28
Figure2.7: HeatedTest SectionDimensions andThermocouplePlacement..........30
Figure2.8: Schematic ofFlowVisualization/VoidFractionSection......................34
Figure2.9: PhotographyLightingand BackdropArrangement..............................40
Figure3.1: Calibration ofValidynePressureTransducer for2psi (3-32)
Diaphragm.........................................................................................44
Figure3.2: TemperatureDistributionforRe=30,000............................................46
Figure3.3: TemperatureDistributionforRe=10,000............................................47
Figure3.4: Deviationfrom theMeanfortheFirst Series of Isothermal
Runs...................................................................................................47
Figure3.5: Raw andCorrectedThermocouple DataforRe =30,000,
Temp.=16˚C.....................................................................................51
Figure3.6: Raw andCorrectedThermocouple DataforRe =5,000,
Temp.=11˚C (Post Heating)............................................................51
Figure3.7: Raw andCorrectedThermocouple DataforRe =30,000,
Temp.=16˚C (Post SecondHeating)................................................52
Figure3.8: PhotographicSetupforFlowVisualizationat 0˚of Inclination...........64
Figure3.9: SlugFlow at 0˚ Inclination(Re = 2200,Re =1800)......................65
SL SG
Figure3.10: PlugFlowat 0˚ Inclination(Re =9300,Re =900)......................66
SL SG
Figure3.11: AnnularFlowat 0˚ Inclination(Re =5600,Re =18100).............66
SL SG
Figure3.12: PhotographicSetupforFlowVisualization at 5˚of Inclination..........67
Figure3.13: SlugFlowat 5˚ Inclination(Re =2200,Re =1200)....................68
SL SG
Figure3.14: PlugFlowat 5˚ Inclination(Re =11500,Re =900)....................69
SL SG
Figure3.15: AnnularFlowat 5˚ Inclination(Re =8600,Re =17900).............69
SL SG
Figure4.1: Calculated vs. Measured Friction FactorValues for
Single-Phase LiquidWater................................................................81
Figure4.2: Direct VoidFractionComparison (0˚ Inclination)................................86
Figure4.3: Direct VoidFractionComparison (90˚ Inclination)..............................87
Figure4.4: Experimental vs. CalculatedVoidFractionfor0˚ Incline....................91
Figure4.5: Experimental vs. CalculatedVoidFractionfor0˚ Incline....................93
Figure4.6: Experimental vs. CalculatedVoidFractionfor90˚ Incline..................94
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Figure Page
Figure4.7: Experimental vs. CalculatedNusselt Numberfor
Single-Phase LiquidHeat Transfer (0˚ Incline)..............................100
Figure4.8: Direct Comparison ofTwo-Phase Heat Transfer Data
from OldandNewSetups...............................................................102
Figure4.9: ComparisonofTwo-PhaseHeat TransferDataFrom
NewSetupwithCorrelationofGhajar andTang(2008)................106
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NOMENCLATURE
English LetterSymbols
A Amperes or area
AWG AmericanWireGauge
Btu British thermal units
C Celsius
cc Cubiccentimeter
c Fanningfrictionfactor
f
C Specificheat
p
D Diameter
Eo Eötvös number
F Fahrenheit
f Darcyfrictionfactor
F Flowpattern factor
p
F Shapefactor
s
ft Feet
g Grams oraccelerationduetogravity
h Heat transfer coefficient
gal Gallons
hr Hours
Hz Hertz
ix
I Inclinationfactororcurrent
ID Innerpipediameter
in Inches
IPS Ironpipesize
K Kelvin
k Thermal conductivity
L Liters
l Length
lbm Pounds mass
m Meters
m Mass flowrate
min Minutes
Nu Nusselt numberNuhD/k ,dimensionless
P Pressure
Pa Pascals
psi Pounds persquareinch
Pr Prandtl number Pr C /k,dimensionless
p
q Heat transferrate
q" Heat Flux
Re Reynolds numberReVD/,dimensionless
x