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ELEMENTARY
GEEEK GRAMMAR.
BY
WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph.D., LL.D.,
ELIOTPEOFESSOROFGHEEK LlTIKATUBt IN HAKVABDCOLLEGE.
REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION.
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PREFACE
This Grammar is partly a revised edition of the
Elementary Greek Grammar published in 1870, and
partly an independent work. The part which precedes
the Inflection of the Verb contains the substance of the
former edition revised and enlarged, with many additions
to the Paradigms. The part relating to the Inflection of
—
the Verb, §§ 88 127, has been entirely re-written, and
increased from fifty to one hundred pages. Part III.,
on the Formation of Words, is entirely new. The Syn-
tax is in most parts substantially the same as in the
former edition but some changes and numerous addi-
;
tions have been made, the chief increase being in the
sections on the Prepositions. Part V., on Versification,
is almost entirely new, and is based to a great extent on
tiie Rhythmic and Metric of J. H. H. Schmidt, which
has just been published in an English translation by
Professor J. W. White. I have not followed Schmidt,
however, in making all iambic and anapaestic verses
trochaic and dactylic and I have followed the ancient
;
authorities in recognizing cyclic anapaests as well as
cyclic dactyls. I have adopted the modern doctrine of
los^aoedic verses, which enlarges their dominion and
reduces them to a uniform | measure, thus avoiding
IV PREFACE.
many of the incongruities which beset the common
theory of these verses.
The Catalogue of Verbs is increased from nineteen to
thirty-two pages, and contains a greater number of verbs
and givesthe formsmore completelythan the formerone.
The object has still been to present only the strictly
classicforms of eachverb, and therebyto savethe learner
from a mass of detail which he may never need. It is
surprising how simple many formidable verbs become
when all later and doubtful forms are removed. In pre-
paring the Catalogue I haverelied constantly on Veitch's
Greek Verbs^ Irregular and Defective, a work in the
Clarendon Press Series, for which every classical scholar
will bless the author.
It will be seen that the enlargement has been made
chiefly in the part relating to the Inflection of the Verb.
There I have adopted (§ 108) the division of verbs in co
into eight classes which is employed by G. Curtius: this
reduces many of the apparent irregularities of the Greek
verb to rule and order. In the former edition I adopted
Hadley's addition of a class of " reduplicating" verbs.
I have omitted this class as unnecessary in my present
arrangement. Of the six verbs (apart from verbs in fxt
and verbs in cr/co)) which composed this class, yiyvofiat,
i(TX<»>'> and TTtTTTO) are now assigned by Curtius to his
"mixed class" ; the first syllable of tlkt(o is now not
considered a reduplication by Curtius; /juifjuvo) is used
only in the present stem; while Tcrpdo) seems too late a
form to affect classification. The chief innovation which
I have nowventured tomake in the classification of Cur-
tius relates to the large class of verbs which add e- to the
PREFACE. V
stem in certain tenses not belonging to the present stem.
I have no thought of disputing the remark of Curtius
that this phenomenon and the addition of e- in the pres-
ent stem (as in Sofc-, Bok6-co} are to be explained on simi-
lar principles. But it seems obvious that the former is
not, like the latter, a process by which the present stem
is formed from the simple stem, and it therefore has no
place in the classification which we are here considering.
Further, the addition of e- in other tenses than the pres-
ent occurs in every one of the eight classes of Curtius, so
that it must confuse the classification to introduce it
there at all. I have therefore included this among the
modifications of the stem explained in § 109, thus class-
ing it with such phenomena as the addition of a- in
certain verbs and other modifications which affect only
special tenses. (See § 109, 8.1) In § 120, 1, I have
followed the doctrine of F. D. Allen, stated in the
American Philolog-icni Transactions for 1873 (pp. 5-19),
by which Homeric forms like opocofor opdco are explained
by assimilation.
I fear I may have offended manyscholars in giving the
present stems of Xvw^Xeyco, Xelirw, &c. as Xf-, X67-, XetTr-,
&c., and not as \vo(^e)-, \e<yo(^e)-^ XeLiroQe)-^ &c. I have
been careful to state in several places (see foot-notes,
pp. 82 and 144) that the latter is the betterapproved and
more correct form of expression; but I havenotventured
to make the first attempt at a popular statement of the
A
tense stems with thevariable vowel-attachment. slight
reflection showed me that this must be made by a pro-
1 See also the Proceedingsof the AmericanPhilologicalAssociation for
1879.
Vi PREFACE.
fessional etymologist, whocansettle, at leastconsistently,
the manydoubtful questionswhich still beset the subject
of tense stems. I was finally decided by finding that
G. Curtius himself had made no change in this respect
in the latest edition (1878) of his Schulg-rammatik, and
continued to call Xv-, Xey-, XetTr-, &c. present stems,
evidently thinking the other forms too cumbrous for a
school-book. I have had no hesitation in following his
example.
The sections on the Syntax of the Verb contain a con-
densedstatementof theprincipleswhich I have explained
at greater length in a larger work, Syntax of the Moods
and Tenses ofthe Greek Verb^ to which I must refermore
advanced students, and especially teachers, for a fuller
exposition of this subject.^ I must still confess myself
unable to give anygeneral definitions whichshall include
all the uses of either the indicative, the subjunctive, or
the optative, and yet be accurate enough to meet modem
scientific demands. The truth must be recognized that
these moods were not invented deliberately to express
certain definite classes of ideas to the exclusion of all
others, and then always held rigidly to these pre-deter-
mined uses. On the contrary, their various uses grewup
gradually, aslanguagewasdevelopedand found newideas
toexpress. Boththe Greek and the Latin inherited most
of their modal formsthrough a line of ancestors nowlost,
1 For a still fullerexplanation of the classification of conditional sen-
tences here introduced, with the corresix>nding arrangement of relative
clauses, I mustrefertoarticlesin the TransactionsoftheAmericfcnPhilo-
logicalAssocicUionfor1873 and 1876, printed also intheJournal of Phi^
lology. Vol. v. No. 10, pp. 186-205, and Vol. viii. No. 15, pp. 18-38»
