Table Of ContentAn Economic History of
Regional Industrialization
This book offers a comprehensive study of regional industrialization in Europe
and Asia from the early nineteenth century to the present. Using case studies
on regional industrialization, the book provides insights into similarities and
differences in industrialization processes between European, Eurasian, and Asian
countries. Important factors include the transition from traditional to modern
industrial production, industrial policy, agglomeration forces, market integration,
and the determinants of industrial location over time. The book is an invaluable
reference that attempts to bridge the fields of economic history, political history,
economic geography, and economics while contributing to the debates on
economic divergence between Europe and Asia as well as on the role of economic
integration and globalization.
Bas van Leeuwen is Senior Researcher at the International Institute of Social
History.
Robin C. M. Philips is PhD Researcher at Utrecht University and the
International Institute of Social History.
Erik Buyst is a full professor in economics at the Catholic University of Leuven
(KU Leuven), Belgium.
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An Economic History of Regional Industrialization
Edited by Bas van Leeuwen, Robin C. M. Philips and Erik Buyst
For more information about this series, please visit www.routledge.com/series/
SE0347
An Economic History of
Regional Industrialization
Edited by Bas van Leeuwen,
Robin C. M. Philips
and Erik Buyst
First published 2021
by Routledge
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© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Bas van Leeuwen, Robin C. M.
Philips and Erik Buyst
The right of Bas van Leeuwen, Robin C. M. Philips and Erik Buyst
to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the
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ISBN: 978-0-367-19752-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-19753-7 (ebk)
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Contents
List of figures ix
List of tables xii
Notes on contributors xiv
Preface xvi
Introduction 1
1 Global patterns of regional industrialization 3
BAS VAN LEEUWEN, ROBIN C. M. PHILIPS, AND ERIK BUYST
1.1 Background 3
1.2 Regional industrialization in England and Wales since
the Industrial Revolution 5
1.3 How ‘regional’ was industrialization in continental
Europe? 12
1.4 How similar was regional industrialization
in Asia? 17
1.5 Conclusion 20
2 Economic geography and economic history: a literature
overview 27
JULIO MARTINEZ-GALARRAGA AND DANIEL A. TIRADO-FABREGAT
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Industrialization and agglomeration: What does
new economic geography have to say? 29
2.3 Linking economic geography and economic history:
A brief survey of the empirical work to date 32
2.4 Conclusions 39
vi Contents
PART I
Regional industrialization in Europe 47
3 Regional industrialization in Belgium and the Netherlands 49
ROBIN C. M. PHILIPS AND ERIK BUYST
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Aggregate patterns of industrial development 52
3.3 The Industrial Revolution (ca. 1820–1870) 54
3.4 Phase of industrial maturity (ca. 1870–1960) 61
3.5 Post-industrial phase (ca. 1960–2010) 68
3.6 Conclusion 72
4 Regional industrialization in Yugoslavia 79
LEONARD KUKIĆ AND STEFAN NIKOLIĆ
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Exploring regional industrialization 80
4.3 Explaining regional industrialization 84
4.4 Conclusion 90
5 Regional industrialization in Italy 101
ANNA MISSIAIA
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 The North–South divide before 1861 102
5.3 Economic dualism in unified Italy 106
5.4 The fascist regime and the peak of regional polarization 114
5.5 A short-lived convergence: The Economic Miracle
and the return of regional polarization 117
5.6 Concluding remarks and suggestions for future research 121
PART II
Regional industrialization in Asia 125
6 Regional industrialization in China: the basic metals sector 127
ZIPENG ZHANG, BAS VAN LEEUWEN, AND JIELI LI
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Literature 127
6.3 Sources and data 129
6.4 Regional development in metal smelting 131
6.5 Conclusion 139
Contents vii
7 Regional industrialization in China: the Yangtze
and Zhujiang regions 159
YI XU, BAS VAN LEEUWEN, AND ZICHENG ZHUANG
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Classification of the manufacturing industry 160
7.3 Data and sources for employment in Chinese regional
manufacturing 163
7.4 Patterns of regional industrialization 164
7.5 Drivers of regional industries 167
7.6 Conclusion 170
8 Regional industrialization in Japan 180
JEAN-PASCAL BASSINO, KYOJI FUKAO, AND TOKIHIKO SETTSU
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 The geography of cottage industry during its final phase
of development (1800–1858) 181
8.3 Regional patterns during the gradual shift to
manufacturing (1858–1913) 186
8.4 Regional convergence in productivity during the emergence
of Japan as an industrial power (1914–1955) 190
8.5 Expansion of manufacturing and decline in regional
inequality (1955–1990) 194
8.6 Manufacturing decline and regional inequality during
the low-growth era (since the 1990s) 200
8.7 Conclusion 203
PART III
Theories on regional industrialization 207
9 Regional industrialization: determinants of industrial
location 209
GLENN RAYP AND STIJN RONSSE
9.1 Introduction 209
9.2 The economics of industrial location: Theoretical
background 210
9.3 From the verification of the home market effect to
the empirical analysis of industrial location 212
9.4 Analyzing the historical pattern and diffusion of
industrialization using the Midelfart-Knarvik framework 215
viii Contents
9.5 Methodological challenges? 221
9.6 Conclusion 224
10 Regional industrialization: evidence on industry
agglomeration 228
BAS VAN LEEUWEN, PÉTER FÖLDVÁRI, ROBIN C. M. PHILIPS,
AND MEIMEI WANG
10.1 Introduction 228
10.2 Data and method 230
10.3 Measuring co-location in the Netherlands
(1896–2010) 234
10.4 Measuring co-location in Hunan (1954–2004) 241
10.5 The role of transport 247
10.6 Conclusion 255
11 Regional industrialization: role of industrial policy 260
PATRIZIO BIANCHI AND SANDRINE LABORY
11.1 Introduction 260
11.2 Industrial policy as complex sets of actions supporting
productive processes 262
11.3 Pioneer in the first Industrial Revolution: Unconscious
industrial policy? 265
11.4 Industrial policy in followers or late industrializers 267
11.5 Pushing for industrial upgrading: Innovation policy after
World War II 271
11.6 The late consideration of regional imbalances in industrial
development 274
11.7 Conclusions 275
Index 279
Figures
1.1 The share of the secondary sector in the total labour force
in England and Wales, 1851–2001 7
1.2 The share of the secondary sector in the total labour force
in Europe, 1900–2000 14
1.3 The share of the secondary sector in the total labour force
in Asia, 1900–2000 18
3.1 Employment in Belgium and the Netherlands, by sector
(1820–2010) 50
3.2 Employment in Belgium and the Netherlands, by mining
and manufacturing sectors 53
3.3 Employment and steam engines in Belgium and the
Netherlands, 1820–1850 55
3.4 Employment in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1819, as a percentage
of the labour force 57
3.5 Employment in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1846/1859, as a percentage
of the labour force (province level) 60
3.6 Employment in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1846/1859, as a percentage
of the labour force (municipality level) 62
3.7 Steam engines in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1896 63
3.8 Employment in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1896, as a percentage
of the labour force 65
3.9 Employment in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1930/1937, as a percentage
of the labour force 67
3.10 Employment in mining and manufacturing sectors in
Belgium and the Netherlands in 1970/1978, as a percentage
of the labour force 69
