Table Of Contentmore information - www.cambridge.org/9781107030701
An Economic History of
Nineteenth-Century Europe
WhydidsomecountriesandregionsofEuropereachhighlevelsofeconomic
advancementinthenineteenthcentury,whileotherswereleftbehind?This
newtransnationalsurveyofthecontinent’seconomicdevelopmenthighlights
theroleofregionaldifferencesinshapingeachcountry’seconomicpathand
outcome. Presenting a clear and cogent explanation of the historical causes
of advancement and backwardness, Ivan Berend integrates social, political,
institutional, and cultural factors as well as engaging in debates about the
relativerolesofknowledge,thestate,andinstitutions.Featuringboxedessays
onkeypersonalitiesincludingAdamSmith,FriedrichList,GustaveEiffel,and
theKruppfamily,aswellasbriefhistoriesofinnovationssuchasthesteam
engine, vaccinations, and the cooperative system, the book helps to explain
thetheoriesandmacroeconomictrendsthatdominatedthecenturyandtheir
impactonthesubsequentdevelopmentoftheEuropeaneconomyrightupto
thepresentday.
ivan t. berendisDistinguishedProfessorintheDepartmentofHistoryat
the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His publications include
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from
Laissez-Faire to Globalization (Cambridge, 2006) and Europe since 1980
(Cambridge,2010).
An Economic History of
Nineteenth-Century Europe
Diversity and Industrialization
ivan t. berend
cambridgeuniversitypress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107689992
(cid:2)C IvanT.Berend2013
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
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permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2013
PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Berend,T.Iva´n(TiborIva´n),1930–
Aneconomichistoryofnineteenth-centuryEurope:diversityandindustrialization/
Iva´nT.Berend.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-03070-1
1.Europe–Economicconditions–Regionaldisparities. I.Title.
HC240.B3947 2012
330.94(cid:3)028–dc23 2012015392
ISBN978-1-107-03070-1Hardback
ISBN978-1-107-68999-2Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch
websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Idedicatethisworktothepostwargenerationsofeconomichistorians
withwhomIhavehadintellectualcontact,beenacquainted,andwhom
Ihavebefriended,and,mostofall,fromwhomIhavelearned
immenselythroughoutmycareer:
Gyo¨rgyRa´nki,lifelongfriendandco-author
DerekAldcroft,PaulBairoch,TheoBarker,LubenBerov,Knut
Borchardt,JeanBouvier,V.I.Bovikin,FernandBraudel,Rondo
Cameron,AlfredChandler,CarloCipolla,NicholasCrafts,Franc¸ois
Crouzet,BarryEichengreen,MichaelFlinn,AlexanderGerschenkron,
MaxHartwell,RitaHjerppe,EricHobsbawm,MichaelKaser,Arnosˇt
Klima,Ju¨rgenKocka,ZbigniewLandau,DavidLandes,Angus
Maddison,PeterMathias,HerbertMatis,AlanMilward,JoelMokyr,
GiorgioMori,DouglasNorth,PatrickO’Brien,ZsigmondPa´lPach,
MichaelPalairet,SidneyPollard,MichaelPostan,BarrySupple,Alice
Teichova,JerziTomaszewski,GianniToniolo,GabrielTortella,Clive
Trebilcock,JandeVries,HermanVanderWee,AnthonyWrigley,and
VeraZamani.
Contents
Listofboxes pagex
Listoffigures xi
Listofmaps xiii
Listoftables xiv
Preface xvii
Introduction 1
Contentandcomparativemethod:pan-European
interconnections,majorregionaldifferences 2
InterrelatedEurope:fourdistinctivepathstowardsmodern
economictransformation 6
Debatesanddifferences 9
Thetime-span 14
Whatkindofeconomichistory? 15
Part I Gradual revolution
1 FrommerchanttoindustrialcapitalisminNorthwesternEurope 25
Theglobalenvironment:Europe,theIslamicworld,andChina 25
Northwesternmerchantcapitalismandcolonialism 27
Newscienceandvalues 44
Demography,agriculture,andindustry 54
TheIndustrialRevolution 63
Conclusion 77
Part II Successful industrial transformation of the West
2 Knowledgeandtheentrepreneurialstate 89
ThespreadofthenewZeitgeist 89
vii
(cid:2)
viii contents
Scienceintoeducation 102
Theentrepreneurialstate,promoteroftradeandindustry 105
3 Agriculture,transportation,andcommunication 119
Theagriculturalrevolution 119
Theroleofagricultureinmoderneconomictransformation 128
Transportation:canalsandroads 130
Railroads 136
Communicationandpostalservice 143
4 Theorganizationofbusinessandfinance 152
Threeconsecutivebankingrevolutions 152
Theinsuranceindustry 163
Businessorganization,joint-stockcompanies,andthestock
exchange 163
5 Threeversionsofsuccessfulindustrialization 181
Long-survivingproto-industry 181
FullyindustrializedBritain 188
Britishdeclineafter1870? 190
InthefootstepsofBritain 196
Specializedagriculturecombinedwithfoodprocessing 207
ThesecondIndustrialRevolution 214
6 Themiracleofknowledgeandthestate:Scandinavia 239
Theeconomicsituationintheperiphery:Scandinaviauntil1870 239
Modernsocietywithoutadevelopedeconomy 240
Rapidmodernizationandindustrialization 244
7 Demographicrevolution,transformationoflife,andstandard
ofliving 260
Demographicrevolution 260
Thecausesofthepopulationexplosion 264
Changingfamilyfunctionsandfemalelabor 269
Urbanization 271
Thestandardoflivingandthedietrevolution 272
8 TheEuropeanizationofEurope 284
ColonialWesternEuropeintheglobalizingworld 284
TheEuropeanideaandnationalintegration 288
Institutionalizedeconomicintegrationandtrade 294
TheWestasasourceoffinance:capitalflowintoEurope 303
DidaEuropeanbusinesscycleexist? 305
(cid:2)
contents ix
Part III The peripheries: semi-success or failure of modern
transformation
9 The“sleeping”peripheries,traditionalinstitutions,andvalues 317
Timestandsstill 317
Thedemonstrationeffect:theWestasmodel 332
Populationexplosionandemigration 340
10 TheWesternsparksthatignitemodernization 354
Capitalinflowtotheperipheries 354
Theriseofstrong,modernbankingsystems 361
Buildingthemoderntransportationsystems 364
Roadandwatertransportation 364
Backwardcountrieswithdevelopedrailroads 366
11 Advantagefromdependence:CentralEurope,theBalticarea,
Finland,andIreland 377
Imperialmarketsandagriculturalmodernization 378
Thebeginningofindustrialization 387
12 Profitingfromforeigninterests:theMediterraneanandRussia 401
Foreigninterestandagriculture 403
GrowthofthetraditionalgraineconomyinRussia 408
Theimpactofthegraincrisisfromthe1870s 417
Advancedindustrialpocketsandpredominantproto-industry 418
13 ThepredatorLeviathaninpeasantsocieties:theBalkansand
theborderlandsofAustria-Hungary 438
Pre-modernagriculture–returntoagraineconomy 438
Lackofindustrialization 448
Corruptionandreluctantforeigninvestors 455
14 Epilogue:economicdisparityandalternativepostwar
economicregimes 462
References 469
Index 512
