An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua

269 Pages·2019·8.02 MB·English

by  Georgia L. Fox (editor)

Title Pages
An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar
Plantation on Antigua
Georgia L. Fox
Print publication date: 2020
Print ISBN-13: 9781683401285
Published to Florida Scholarship Online: September 2020
DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683401285.001.0001
Title Pages
Ripley P. Bullen
(p.i) An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua
(p.iii) An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua
(p.318) Ripley P. Bullen Series
University of Florida Press
Gainesville
(p.iv) Copyright 2020 by Georgia L. Fox
All rights reserved
Published in the United States of America.
25 24 23 22 21 20  6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Fox, Georgia Lynne, 1954– editor.
Title: An archaeology and history of a Caribbean sugar plantation on Antigua /
Georgia L. Fox.
Other titles: Ripley P. Bullen series.
Description: Gainesville : University of Florida Press, 2020. | Series: Florida
Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen series | Includes bibliographical
references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019031038 (print) | LCCN
2019031039 (ebook) | ISBN 9781683401285 (hardback) | ISBN
9781683401445 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Sugar trade—Antigua and Barbuda—History. | Plantations—
Antigua and Barbuda—History. | Betty’s Hope (Antigua and Barbuda)—History.
| Betty’s Hope (Antigua and Barbuda)—Antiquities.
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Title Pages
Classification: LCC HD9114.A632 A63 2020 (print) | LCC HD9114.A632
(ebook) | DDC 338.7/633610972974—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031038
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031039
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An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua, edited by Georgia L.
Fox (2020)
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Figures
An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar
Plantation on Antigua
Georgia L. Fox
Print publication date: 2020
Print ISBN-13: 9781683401285
Published to Florida Scholarship Online: September 2020
DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683401285.001.0001
(p.vii) Figures
Georgia L. Fox
1.1. Location of Antigua and Betty’s Hope 6
2.1. Betty’s Hope Great House, 1906 17
2.2. Close-up of the Betty’s Hope complex, 1710 21
2.3. Close-up of the Betty’s Hope complex, 1755 22
2.4. Site map of Betty’s Hope Plantation 23
2.5. Exposed brick floor and foundation walls, Great House excavations 24
2.6. Mystery feature recovered in 2008 25
3.1. The Codrington 1710 estate map georeferenced 37
3.2. Low altitude aerial acquisition used to analyze and test sugar works layout 38
3.3. Map of the Tamarin Walk based on the 1710 estate map 39
3.4. Map illustrating how space was reorganized to suit growing sugar production 45
3.5. The extensive water management system at Betty’s Hope 50
5.1. Site plan of Betty’s Hope Plantation (PEH-001), showing the two shovel test areas 69
5.2. Stoneware bottle fragment from BH2012-STU100-6-22 with associated assemblage
72
5.3. French faïence from PEH-001-BH2013-STU106-11 80
7.1. The Baker map showing the location of Antigua’s plantations, 1748 101
7.2. Cistern at Betty’s Hope 103
7.3. Walled enclosure, possibly used as an animal pen 104
7.4. View of the Narrows 106
7.5. The steam-powered sugar works, Betty’s Hope, 1906 111
7.6. Discarded steam boiler, Betty’s Hope 112
8.1. A sugar sales record detailing the sale of 50 hogsheads of sugar in 1802 122
8.2. Line graph of the changes in the six-year average of sugarcane yields 126
8.3. Line graph of EPIC-simulated rates of nitrification and phosphorus mineralization
128
(p.viii) 8.4. Geomorphological map of the area surrounding Betty’s Hope 135
8.5. Spatial plot of interpolated factor scores 137
10.1. Areas of slave quarters excavated, 2014 and 2015 170
10.2. Area of 2014 excavations 171
10.3. Stone building feature from 2015 172
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Figures
10.4. Imported ceramics recovered in 2015 172
10.5. Special finds from 2015 175
11.1. Location of the “Top Road” 180
11.2. Visual representation of groupings 188
12.1. Plan based on the schematic of the Betty’s Hope factory works, 1862 202
12.2. Diagram of hypothesized rum distillation at Betty’s Hope 203
12.3. Rum shipped or sold from Betty’s Hope, Codrington Papers Accounts, 1794–1862
204
12.4. Betty’s Hope Still House excavation area 206
12.5. Lead piping discovered during the Still House excavations 208
13.1. State of Antigua’s fortifications in 1704 217
14.1. The north mill. Note the narrow opening of the exchange slit 230
14.2. Archaeological excavations at the north windmill 232
14.3. Refurbished machinery in the mill 234
14.4. Cap house ready for lifting to the top of the mill 234
14.5. Completed windmill with sails, prior to test run 235
15.1. Google SketchUp of Visitors Center floor plan 239
15.2. New exhibit panels installed, 2014 243
16.1. Betty’s Hope site before and after backhoe operations 249
16.2. Phases of 3D modeling for the Great House 254
16.3. Georeferenced overhead SLR and digitized architectural plans 255
16.4. Camera angle positions from UAV flight over the Great House 257
16.5. Resolution of 1-meter aerial and UAV acquired aerial 259
A.1. Old Sugar Factory, Factory Road, Antigua 270
A.2. Restored locomotive from Betty’s Hope 270
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Tables
An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar
Plantation on Antigua
Georgia L. Fox
Print publication date: 2020
Print ISBN-13: 9781683401285
Published to Florida Scholarship Online: September 2020
DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683401285.001.0001
(p.ix) Tables
Georgia L. Fox
6.1. Quantifications for Mollusks Recovered from Three Contexts at Betty’s Hope
Plantation 89
6.2. Abbreviated Species List of Mollusks Recovered from the Great House at Betty’s
Hope Plantation 90
6.3. Abbreviated Species List of Mollusks Recovered from the Service Quarters at Betty’s
Hope Plantation 91
6.4. Abbreviated Species List of Mollusks Recovered from the Slave Quarters at Betty’s
Hope Plantation 93
7.1. Sugar Produced in Hogsheads (HHs) for the Codrington Estates, Antigua, 1707–1790
108
9.1. Africans Embarked on Ships to Antigua by Broad African Region, 1672–1808 149
9.2. Africans Disembarked at Antigua by a 60-Year Period and Region 150
9.3. A Selection of Africans Who Labored at Betty’s Hope, May 1, 1715 153
10.1. Number of Enslaved Africans by Year at Betty’s Hope 160
10.2. Value of Slaves on Codrington Antiguan Estates, Including Betty’s Hope 160
11.1. Sample Categories, Context, Description, and Sums 181
11.2. Count Number, Irradiation and Decay Times, and Elements Examined 184
11.3. Groupings, Chemical Characteristics, Sum of Samples, and Source Locations 186
(p.x)
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Acknowledgments
An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar
Plantation on Antigua
Georgia L. Fox
Print publication date: 2020
Print ISBN-13: 9781683401285
Published to Florida Scholarship Online: September 2020
DOI: 10.5744/florida/9781683401285.001.0001
(p.xi) Acknowledgments
Georgia L. Fox
Archaeologists are used to working in teams, relying on the combined skills and expertise of all
involved. The same can be said for Betty’s Hope. First and foremost, the project would not have
been possible without the support and guidance of Dr. Reginald Murphy, who wears several hats
as Antigua and Barbuda’s archaeologist, as director of heritage resources, research,
archaeology, and environment at Nelson’s Dockyard National Park, and as secretary general for
the National Commission for UNESCO for Antigua and Barbuda. Reg’s unfailing sense of humor,
razor-sharp intellect, and encyclopedic knowledge of Caribbean archaeology and prehistory has
been a joy. We are also deeply grateful to the government of Antigua and Barbuda, the Betty’s
Hope Trust, the Antigua and Barbuda Historical and Archaeological Society, and Michele Henry,
director of the Museum of Antigua and Barbuda, for their ongoing support. I am eternally
grateful to Mr. Joseph Prosper, director of the National Archives of Antigua and Barbuda, for
allowing me access to the original Codrington Papers, providing the opportunity to discover
critical details in the documents that only that type of access can provide. I would also like to
thank Agnes Meeker for sharing her extensive knowledge about Antigua’s plantation history and
introducing me to many of Antigua’s old plantation sites.
Directing an archaeological field school for 10 years involves a number of institutions and
individuals to thank. I am grateful to president Gayle Hutchinson of California State University,
Chico, dean Eddie Vela of the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, the Department of
Anthropology at California State University, Chico, as well as the staff at the Regional
Continuing Education Office. I would also like to thank the Office of International Education, the
Office of Risk Management, and the University Research Foundation. I am grateful to James
Scolero, who was integral in the early days of the project. It was during our first survey that we
discovered that the buildings at Betty’s Hope aligned to true north. I also would like to thank my
colleagues in the Department of Anthropology, who were supportive of my efforts to develop the
field school and project.
(p.xii) Generous funding from the David W. and Helen E. F. Lantis Fellowship allowed our
research team to expand, notably by the addition of Christian Wells, whose expertise in soils and
environmental archaeology was fundamental to the project. Over the years, a number of
teaching assistants were integral in the development of the field school, including Melinda
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