Table Of ContentAN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SEX, CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, AND
MENTAL AGE ON PERSONALITY FAC TORS S, T, D, C, R
A Thesis
Presented to
the faculty of the Department of Psychology
University of Southern California
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Arts
*>y
Howard Gray Martin
September 1942
UMI Number: EP63923
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TABLE OF G OH TENTS
CHAPTER PACE
I. THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the p ro b lem ......................................... 1
Importance of the study . . . . . . 1
I I . THE PROCEDURE AND RESULTS ...................................... 5
Subjects .................................................................... 5
Measurement of mental a g e ......................................... 5
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 5
III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................. 21
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Conclusions ........................................ 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. Means, standard deviations, and standard errors
of means for males and females on each factor . 6
II. Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of positive
sex differences on each fa c to r.......................................... 6
III. Means, standard deviations, and standard errors
of means of mental age categories for both sexes 7
IF. Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of positive
sex differences on each factor .................................. 9
V. Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of significant
differences between mental age categories for
males ........................................................ 10
FI. Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of significant
differences between mental age categories for
fe m a le s ................................................................................................. 12
FII. Means, standard deviations, standard errors of
means of chronological age categories for both
sexes on each factor ................................. 14
LIST OF IA.B1ES (continued)
Till, Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of positive
sex differences on each factor , 15
IT: Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of significant
differences bet¥/een chronological age categories
for males.................................................................................................. 17
X* Differences, standard errors of differences,
critical ratios, and probabilities of significant
differences between chronological age categories
for. females • . 18
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
The problem of finding unitary traits of personality .
is being attacked by factor analysis techniques. To date, the.
mathematical psychologists have succeeded in isolating certain
clusters of behavior items from the bewildering tangle of
personality, but the nature of these factors and their relat
ions to other variables of personality remain to be explored.
Within the limits described below, this thesis reports an
attempt to discover the interrelations among three common
variables and the personality complex known as factors S, T,
I), C , and R.
Statement of the problem. It was the purpose of this
study to determine (1) the influence of sex on personality
factors S, T,. D, C, and R; (2) the influence of chronological
age on each of these factors,; and (3) the influence of mental
age upon the factor scores.
Importance of the study. Before the Guilfords1 an
alyses of introversion-extroversion were completed,^ various
J.P. Guilford and R.B. Guilford, An Analysis of the
Factors in a Typical Test of Introversion-Extroversion, Journal
of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 1933, 377-399
psychologists had made studies of the influences of sex,
chronological age, and mental age on introvers ion- extrovers ion.
Because these authors variously had emphasized the social, in
tellectual, and emotional aspects of this personality dimen
sion in their questionnaires, there was no comparability in
their findings. After Guilford successfully had constructed aa
inventory designed to isolate and measure the fundamental
factors comprising the introversion-extroversion dimension,
it was then possible to determine the influences of sex, ehrono
3,ogical age, and mental age on each of the factors in turn.
This set of factors commonly is known as factors S, T, X), C,
and R.
The factors S, T, D, C, and R, taken together, probably
cover the area of personality generally encompassed by the
4
concept of introversion-extroversion. These factors may be
5
described as follows:
S - social introversion, as exhibited in shyness and ten-
dencies to withdraw from social contacts
T - thinking introversion, an inclination to meditative
thinking, philosophizing, and analyzing one1s self
and others
2
' J.P. Guilford and Kenneth W. Braly, Extroversion a- nd
Introversion, Psychological Bulletin, 27, 1930, 96-107
3J.P. Guilford, An Inventory of Factors S, T, D, C, and
R, 1941, Sheridan Supply Company, Beverly Hills, California
^J.P. Guilford, Manual for Inventory for Factors S, T,
D, C, and R, 1941 ,"S he rid an Supply Company, Beverly Hills, Call.
5Ibid., p. 1
3
B - depression, including feelings of unworthiness and
guilt
C_ - cycloid tendencies, as shown in strong emotional
reactions, fluctuations in mood, and tendency to
ward flightiness or instability
H - rhathymia, a happy-go-lucky or carefree disposition;
liveliness and impulsiveness
These factors are "psychologically meaningful" clusteis
of behavior items and thus meet the objection which has been
raised of the "unintelligibility" of the results-of such cor
relation analyses*6 They are objectively demonstrable units ot
personality as opposed to personality traits by fiat.
Each factor represents a dimension of personality with
two opposite poles, that is, a dichotoay. In each case one end
of the scale is arbitrarily named the positive end. S, T, and
B poles include characteristics traditionally regarded as in-
trovertive. The R pole includes extrovertive tendencies and
the C pole includes.some of both, e.g., day dreaming and emot
ional impulsiveness.
The application of the Spearman-Brown formula to equi
valent halves of the inventory gave estimated reliabilities of
.98, .89, .91, and .89 for factors S, T, B, C, and R respect-
7
ively.'
Gordon W. Allport, Personality; a Psychological Inter
pretation, McGraw-Hill Company, Hew York, 1937
7
J.P. Guilford, op. c it., page 1
4
Chapter II describes the procedure followed and en
umerates the results obtained. Chapter III contains the sum
mary of the thesis and the conclusions derived from the results.
Embodied in the discussion of the conclusions are several
suggestions for further research studies which resulted from
the findings of this thesis.
