Ammonia Fuel Cells

259 Pages·2020·14.739 MB·English

by  Ibrahim Dincer, Osamah Siddiqui

Ammonia Fuel Cells
Ammonia Fuel Cells
Ibrahim Dincer
Osamah Siddiqui
Elsevier
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Preface
Duringthepastdecade,ammoniahasreceivedincreasingattentionfromvarioussec-
torsandmanypeopleduetoitsexcellentpropertiesandcarbon-freenaturealthough
ithasbeenessentiallyverywellknownintherefrigerationindustryforrefrigeration
applications.Wehavegoneintoanerawherehydrogenisessentialformanysectors
asafuelandasanenergycarrier.Duetotheconsiderablechangesrequiredforhydro-
genenergysystemsandapplications,ammoniaappearstoentailavitalpositioninthe
developmentofthehydrogeneconomy.Havingnumerousfavorablepropertiesand
characteristics,ammoniaisconsideredtobeapromisingcandidatethatcanaddress
several challenges faced by hydrogen usage as a fuel. Ammonia has, for many
decades, been serving in various sectors, for example, fertilizers, working fluids,
cleaningchemicals,refrigerants,andmanymoreinadditiontorefrigerationsystems
as stated above. However, from the perspective of fuels, the necessity of shifting
towardcarbon-freefuelsinthiserahasmadeammoniastandoutasapromisingfuel
thatcanaidinreducingthedependenceonfossilfuel-basedenergyproduction.Also,
ammoniaisrecognizedasacleansolutionaslongasitisproducedcleanlybyrenew-
ables.Inthisregard,ammoniafuelcellsplayakeyroletowardtheflourishmentof
ammonia energy. Entailing higher efficiencies than combustion engines, fuel cells
alongwithotherrenewablesareanticipatedtobetheupcomingrevolutioninpower
generation.
In this book, Chapter 1 first highlights the importance of implementing clean
energyresourcesincludingtheutilizationofammoniaandhydrogenfuelsandthen
discussestheminbrief.Next,Chapter2coverstheunderlyingfundamentalsoffuel
cell technologies as well as background information essential to understand the
workingmethodologyofdifferenttypesofammoniafuelcells.Thenecessarycom-
ponentsrequiredtoconstituteafuelcelldevicearedescribedandthephysicalaswell
aschemicalphenomenaoccurringateachofthesecomponentsisdiscussed.Also,the
classificationoffuelcellsaccordingtodifferentclassificationcategoriesisdescribed
where the categorization according to the type of electrolytes, fuel, and operating
conditionsispresented.Chapter3dwellsonidentifyingdifferenttypesoffuelsthat
havebeeninvestigatedforfuelcellapplications.Theserangefromhydrogenasthe
most commonly employed fuel to different types of alcohols as well as alkanes.
Ammoniaasapromisingfuelisthendescribedcomprehensivelypresentingvarious
advantagesandfavorablepropertiesitentails.Theseprovidesufficientinformation
neededtoproceedtowardthedetailsofammoniafuelcells.Chapter4explicitlycon-
cerns the ammonia fuel cells where it comprehensively covers different types of
ammonia fuel cells that have been developed. The performance of each type of
ammonia fuel cell is linked to the type of electrolyte, electrochemical catalyst,
and electrodes used. Ammonia fueled high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with
both proton-conducting and anion-conducting electrolytes is discussed. Further-
more, low-temperature direct ammonia alkaline fuel cells are covered in depth.
ix
x Preface
The development, materials, operation, system conditions, and catalysts of these
ammonia fuel cells are presented. Moreover, Chapter 5 presents the analysis and
modelingoffuelcellswithspecificfocusonelectrochemicalinteractionofammonia
moleculesthatoccursindirectammoniafuelcells.Theperformanceofthesediffer-
ent typesofammoniafuelcellsisalsodiscussed.Chapter6describesvarious new
integratedammoniafuelcell-basedsystemsthathavebeendevelopedintherecent
pastandtheirperformancesareanalyzedthroughoverallenergyandexergyefficien-
cies.Chapter7discussesnovelammoniafuelcell-basedtechnologiesascasestudies
wheretheirperformancesareinvestigatedatvaryingoperatingconditionsandsys-
temparameters.Lastly,thebookcloseswithChapter8providingseveralrecommen-
dationsforfuturedevelopmentofammoniafuelcellsanddepictingthedevelopment
of ammonia-based energy technologies movingtoward anew ammonia-based era.
Nomenclature
A area (m2)
C charge(Coloumbs), concentration (mol/m3)
cny conductivity (S/m)
D day angle (°), diffusion coefficient(m2/s)
ex specificexergy(kJ/kg)
E potential (V)
_
Ex exergyrate (kW)
F Faraday’s constant (96,500C/mol)
g specificGibbs energy (J/mol)
G Gibbs free energy (J)
h specificmolar enthalpy (kJ/mol)
h specificenthalpy (kJ/kg)
H enthalpy (kJ)
_
I solar intensity
J current density (A/m2)
m mass (kg)
m_ mass flow rate (kg/s)
M molar concentration(mol/m3)
n number of electrons
_
N molar flow rate (mol/s)
P pressure
_
P power(kW)
q heat transfer (kJ)
_
Q heat transfer rate (kW)
R ideal gas constant (J/mol K),Ohmic resistance(Ohm)
s specificentropy (kJ/kgK)
s specificmolar entropy(kJ/molK)
S entropy (kJ/K)
ST solar time (h)
T temperature (°C)
v specificvolume (m3/kg)
V voltage (V)
w specificwork (kJ/kg)
_
W work rate (kW)
Greek letters
Ω resistance (Ohmcm2)
α chargetransfer coefficient
xi
xii Nomenclature
 half-cell potential (V)
ρ density (kg/m3)
η efficiency
δ declination angle,diffusionlayerthickness
τ resistivity
μ surface coverage
γ order ofreaction
Subscripts
a anode
act activation
ads adsorbed
ar aerosol
b backward
c cathode
con condenser
conc concentration
conv convection
d density
dest destroyed
diff diffusion
dl declination
E electrode
elec electric
ex exchange,exit, exergy
f formation, forward
ga gas
gr grid
gen generation
in incoming
L limiting
lt latitude
mb beam
mix mixture
nl normal
Ohm Ohmic
on ozone
op overpotential
or open circuit
ox oxidant
prod products
PV photovoltaic
reac reactants
ref. reference
Nomenclature xiii
rev reversible
ry Rayleigh
s solar, surface
scs solar constant
sen sensible
sn sun
T temperature
TV throttle valve
wr water
zh zenith
Acronyms
ABS absorption cooling cycle
AEM anion exchange membrane
AS ammonia synthesis
ASR ammonia synthesis reactor
DAFC direct ammonia fuel cell
DEFC direct ethanol fuel cell
DMFC direct methanolfuel cell
DPFC direct propanol fuelcell
COMP compressor
CON condenser
COP coefficient ofperformance
Dl dayangle
EES engineering equationsolver
FC fuel cell
GT gasturbine
HF heliostat field
HHV higherheatingvalue
HX heatexchanger
KOH potassium hydroxide
LHV lower heating value
MCFC molten carbonatefuel cell
MF molar fraction
MEA membrane electrode assembly
MSTR multistage turbine
ORR oxygen reduction reaction
PAFC phosphoric acidfuel cell
PEM proton exchange membrane
PSA pressure swing adsorption
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylyne
PV photovoltaic
xiv Nomenclature
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
RC Rankinecycle
RO reverse osmosis
SEP separator
SDC samaria-doped ceria
SOFC solidoxide fuelcell
SRC secondary Rankinecycle
ST solar tower
WES water electrolysis
YSZ yittria-stabilized zirconia