Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Energy 91
Ibrahim Dincer · Dogan Erdemir ·
Muhammed Iberia Aydin ·
Huseyin Karasu · Greg Vezina
Ammonia
Energy
Technologies
Lecture Notes in Energy
Volume 91
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· ·
Ibrahim Dincer Dogan Erdemir
· ·
Muhammed Iberia Aydin Huseyin Karasu
Greg Vezina
Ammonia Energy
Technologies
Ibrahim Dincer Dogan Erdemir
Ontario Tech University Ontario Tech University
Oshawa, ON, Canada Oshawa, ON, Canada
Muhammed Iberia Aydin Huseyin Karasu
Ontario Tech University Ontario Tech University
Oshawa, ON, Canada Oshawa, ON, Canada
Greg Vezina
Hydrofuel Canada Inc.
Mississauga, ON, Canada
ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)
Lecture Notes in Energy
ISBN 978-3-031-13531-6 ISBN 978-3-031-13532-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13532-3
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Preface
We are in a critical era where increased levels of carbon dioxide emissions, global
warming issues and local and global climate change problems require urgent
responses and hence immediate actions. The way that energy is produced, stored,
converted and consumed directly affects these issues and problems. One thing is
clear that energy consumption has been increasing exponentially in the world due to
the increasing population and demand, technological advancements and increased
life standards and comfort requirements. Almost everyday, new energy-intensive
technologies, systems and applications for various sectors, including transportation
sector, are entering into our daily routines, which drastically increase the fuel and
power requirements for economic activities and societal developments. Such needs
have greatly impacted the energy equation with various constraints related to the
environment, health and sustainable development will continue to do so in the next
decades. It is now terribly necessary to set up the energy equation without hydro-
carbon fuels which is fully recognized by many researchers, scientists, organizations,
companies, etc. A new era is now on where it is really time to move for renewables and
carbon-free fuels (particularly with hydrogen and ammonia). Today, hydrogen energy
technologies are offering a promising option to solve energy and environmental-
related issues. Therefore, governments, agencies, companies and local authorities
have been developing new strategies and policies particularly for hydrogen economy
and implementing them accordingly. However, such a transition brings high costs
for investment, research, development and innovation as well as technology devel-
opments. It is better to go one step ahead of hydrogen to consider ammonia as a
unique option to better achieve the hydrogen economy, which will serve as a shortcut
solution in this transition to hydrogen economy.
This book is an outcome of a comprehensive project on ammonia utilization
and aims to cover all necessary information regarding ammonia from production
to utilization, particularly including the entire life cycle. Firstly, some introduc-
tory information regarding hydrogen and ammonia and their productions along
with numerous energetic, environmental and economic dimensions are provided
and discussed thoroughly. Secondly, there is a strong focus on ammonia produc-
tion methods along with ammonia storage techniques. Thirdly, there are case studies
v
vi Preface
presented on the methods of ammonia utilization with various scenarios. The methods
for analysis of ammonia energy systems will be introduced with the illustrative exam-
ples. Furthermore, the book covers detailed modeling and analysis studies, exper-
imental investigations and life cycle assessment studies. Finally, the concluding
remarks and future directions of ammonia energy technologies, in addition to the
potential developments in the area, are discussed.
Oshawa, Canada Ibrahim Dincer
Oshawa, Canada Dogan Erdemir
Oshawa, Canada Muhammed Iberia Aydin
Oshawa, Canada Huseyin Karasu
Mississauga, Canada Greg Vezina
Contents
1 Ammonia ...................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .............................................. 1
1.2 Ammonia and Its Importance ............................... 4
1.3 Ammonia and Its Properties ................................. 8
1.4 Sectoral Ammonia Utilization ............................... 10
1.5 Closing Remarks .......................................... 19
References ..................................................... 20
2 Ammonia Production ........................................... 23
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 25
2.2 Hydrogen Production Methods .............................. 26
2.2.1 Fossil Fuel Based Hydrogen Production ............... 26
2.2.2 Clean Hydrogen Production ......................... 28
2.3 Air Separation Methods .................................... 29
2.3.1 Cryogenic Air Separation ........................... 30
2.3.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption .......................... 31
2.3.3 Membrane Separation .............................. 31
2.4 Ammonia Production Methods .............................. 33
2.4.1 Steam Reforming .................................. 36
2.4.2 Water Gas Shift Process ............................ 36
2.4.3 CO Removal and Methanation ...................... 37
2
2.4.4 Other Ammonia Production Technologies ............. 37
2.5 Ammonia Storage ......................................... 39
2.6 Economics of Ammonia Production Plants .................... 40
2.6.1 Cost Assessment Methodology ...................... 40
2.6.2 Operational and Maintenance Costs .................. 42
2.6.3 System Descriptions of Ammonia Plant Case
Studies ........................................... 44
2.7 Assessment of Ammonia Production Plants ................... 61
2.7.1 Ammonia Production Prices ......................... 66
2.7.2 Cost Assessment for Plants with Various Capacities ..... 74
vii
viii Contents
2.8 Ammonia in Microgrid Applications ......................... 83
2.8.1 Components of a Microgrid ......................... 83
2.9 Potential Ammonia Market in Canada ........................ 88
2.10 Modeling Studies .......................................... 90
2.10.1 Electrolytic Hydrogen Production Modeling
in the Aspen Plus .................................. 90
2.10.2 Conventional Hydrogen Production Modeling
in the Aspen Plus .................................. 97
2.10.3 Nitrogen Production Modeling in Aspen Plus .......... 102
2.10.4 Haber–Bosch Modeling in the Aspen Plus ............. 106
2.10.5 Electrolytic Ammonia Production Modeling
in the Aspen Plus .................................. 108
2.11 Case Studies .............................................. 124
2.11.1 Ammonia Production in Microgrids with Surplus
Electricity ........................................ 126
2.11.2 Economics of Ammonia Production in Microgrids
with Surplus Electricity ............................. 141
2.12 Closing Remarks .......................................... 146
References ..................................................... 146
3 Ammonia and Alternative Fuels ................................. 151
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 153
3.2 Environmental Impacts of Ammonia and Other Fuels ........... 153
3.2.1 Background and Literature Review ................... 154
3.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ....................... 157
3.2.3 LCIA Methods .................................... 161
3.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia and Other Fuels ........... 165
3.3.1 LCA Analysis of Ammonia Production Methods ....... 169
3.3.2 LCA Results and Discussion ........................ 170
3.3.3 Closing Remarks .................................. 175
3.4 Case Studies .............................................. 176
3.4.1 Case Study 1: Utilization of Ammonia as a Fuel
in Road Freight-Transportation ...................... 176
3.4.2 Case Study 2: LCA Analysis of Ammonia
Utilization in Air Conditioning Applications ........... 180
3.4.3 Case Study 3: LCA Analysis of Ammonia
Utilization in Renewable Energy Storage .............. 191
3.4.4 Case Study 4: LCA Analysis of Ammonia
Generation from Biomass-Gasification for Nitrogen
Fertilizer Production ............................... 196
3.4.5 Case Study 5: LCA Analysis of Ammonia
Production from Wind Electrolysis for Sectoral Use .... 205
3.4.6 Case Study 6: A Comparative LCA Analysis
of Ammonia Utilization in Energy Production .......... 212
Contents ix
3.4.7 Case Study 7: A Comparative LCA Analysis
of Ammonia Production Using Spectrum
of Hydrogen Colors ................................ 221
References ..................................................... 230
4 Utilization of Ammonia and Ammonia Blends in Power
Generators .................................................... 235
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 236
4.2 Challenges in Ammonia Combustion ......................... 239
4.2.1 Solutions to Challenges in Ammonia Combustion ...... 242
4.3 Experimental Works on Ammonia and Ammonia Blends
Fueled Power Generators ................................... 244
4.3.1 Details of the Power Generator ...................... 245
4.3.2 Experimental Setup ................................ 246
4.3.3 Performance Assessment ............................ 248
4.4 Experimental Works with Gasoline and Ammonia Blends ....... 248
4.5 Experimental Works with Pure Ammonia and Air Preheating .... 267
4.6 Experimental Works with Ammonia and Air Preheaters ......... 279
4.7 Experimental Works with Propane and Ammonia Blends ........ 286
4.8 Experimental Works with Propane and Ammonia Blends
and Air Preheating ......................................... 296
4.9 Experimental Works with Ethanol and Ammonia Blends
and Air Preheating ......................................... 305
4.10 Experimental Works with Methanol and Ammonia Blends
and Air Preheating ......................................... 310
4.11 Experimental Works with Different Sparkplugs ................ 320
4.12 Experimental Works with Hydrogen and Ammonia Blends ...... 332
4.13 Experimental Works with Oxygen-Rich Air ................... 336
4.14 Experimental Works with HHO Kit .......................... 340
4.15 Comparative Analysis Studied Cases ......................... 341
4.16 A Comparative LCA Analysis of Ammonia-Fuel Blends
in Power Generators ....................................... 341
4.16.1 Goal and Scope Definition .......................... 343
4.16.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure ................... 343
4.17 Closing Remarks .......................................... 354
References ..................................................... 355
5 Conclusions .................................................... 357
Reference ...................................................... 361
