Table Of ContentAMERICA’S ROAD TO EMPIRE
i
New Approaches to International History
Series Editor : Th omas Zeiler, Professor of American Diplomatic History, University of
Colorado Boulder, USA
Series Editorial Board
Anthony Adamthwaite, University of California at Berkeley (USA)
Kathleen Burk, University College London (UK)
Louis Clerc, University of Turku (Finland)
Petra Goedde, Temple University (USA)
Francine McKenzie, University of Western Ontario (Canada)
Lien-Hang Nguyen, University of Kentucky (USA)
Jason Parker, Texas A&M University (USA)
Glenda Sluga, University of Sydney (Australia)
New Approaches to International History covers international history during the modern
period and across the globe. Th e series incorporates new developments in the fi eld, such
as the cultural turn and transnationalism, as well as the classical high politics of state-
centric policymaking and diplomatic relations. Written with upper level undergraduate
and postgraduate students in mind, texts in the series provide an accessible overview of
international diplomatic and transnational issues, events and actors.
Published
Decolonization and the Cold War , edited by Leslie James and Elisabeth Leake (2015)
Cold War Summits, Chris Tudda (2015)
Th e United Nations in International History , Amy Sayward (2017)
Latin American Nationalism , James F. Siekmeier (2017)
Th e History of United States Cultural Diplomacy , Michael L. Krenn (2017)
International Cooperation in the Early 20th Century , Daniel Gorman (2017)
Women and Gender in International History , Karen Garner (2018)
International Development , Corinna Unger (2018)
Th e Environment and International History , Scott Kaufman (2018)
Scandinavia and the Great Powers in the First World War , Michael Jonas (2019)
Canada and the World since 1867 , Asa McKercher (2019)
Th e First Age of Industrial Globalization, Maartje Abbenhuis and Gordon Morrell (2019)
Europe’s Cold War Relations, Federico Romero, Kiran Klaus Patel, Ulrich Krotz (2019)
United States Relations with China and Iran, Osamah F. Khalil (2019)
Public Opinion and Twentieth-Century Diplomacy, Daniel Hucker (2020)
Globalizing the US Presidency, Cyrus Schayegh (2020)
Th e International LGBT Rights Movement , Laura Belmonte (2021)
American-Iranian Dialogues, Matthew Shannon (2021)
Forthcoming
Reconstructing the Postwar World , Francine McKenzie
Global War, Global Catastrophe , Maartje Abbenhuis and Ismee Tames
China and the United States since 1949, Elizabeth Ingleson
Activism Across Borders: Causes, Campaigns and Confl icts in Europe since 1870,
Daniel Laqua
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SERIES EDITOR PREFACE
New Approaches to International History takes the entire world as its stage for exploring
the history of diplomacy, broadly conceived theoretically and thematically, and writ large
across the span of the globe, during the modern period. Th is series goes beyond the
single goal of explaining encounters in the world. Our aspiration is that these books
provide both an introduction for researchers new to a topic, and supplemental and
essential reading in classrooms. Th us, New Approaches serves a dual purpose that is
unique from other large-scale treatments of international history; it applies to scholarly
agendas and pedagogy. In addition, it does so against the backdrop of a century of
enormous change, confl ict, and progress that informed global history but also continues
to refl ect on our own times.
Th e series off ers the old and new diplomatic history to address a range of topics that
shaped the twentieth century. Engaging in international history (including but not
especially focusing on global or world history), these books will appeal to a range of
scholars and teachers situated in the humanities and social sciences, including those in
history, international relations, cultural studies, politics, and economics. We have in
mind scholars, both novice and veteran, who require an entr é e into a topic, trend, or
technique that can benefi t their own research or education into a new fi eld of study by
crossing boundaries in a variety of ways.
By its broad and inclusive coverage, N ew Approaches to International History is also
unique because it makes accessible to students current research, methodology, and themes.
Incorporating cutting-edge scholarship that refl ects trends in international history, as well
as addressing the classical high politics of state-centric policymaking and diplomatic
relations, these books are designed to bring alive the myriad of approaches for digestion
by advanced undergraduates and graduate students. In preparation for the New Approaches
series, Bloomsbury surveyed courses and faculty around the world to gauge interest and
reveal core themes of relevance for their classroom use. Th e polling yielded a host of
topics, from war and peace to the environment; from empire to economic integration; and
from migration to nuclear arms. Th e eff ort proved that there is a much-needed place for
studies that connect scholars and students alike to international history, and books that
are especially relevant to the teaching missions of faculty around the world.
We hope readers fi nd this series to be appealing, challenging, and thought-provoking.
Whether the history is viewed through older or newer lenses, New Approaches to
International History allows students to peer into the modern period’s complex relations
among nations, people, and events to draw their own conclusions about the tumultuous,
interconnected past.
Th omas Zeiler, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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iv
AMERICA’S ROAD TO EMPIRE
FOREIGN POLICY FROM INDEPENDENCE
TO WORLD WAR ONE
Piero Gleijeses
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BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
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1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA
29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland
BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks
of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
First published in Great Britain 2022
Copyright © Piero Gleijeses, 2022
Piero Gleijeses has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act,
1988, to be identifi ed as Author of this work.
For legal purposes the Acknowledgments on p. xvii constitute an extension of this copyright page.
Cover design: Terry Woodley
Series design: Catherine Wood
Cover image: Cartoon by Joseph Keppler titled It’s ‘Up To’ Them,
published November 20, 1901, in Puck magazine. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,
https://www.loc.gov/item/2010651486 .
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission
in writing from the publishers.
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for,
any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this
book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any
inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist,
but can accept no responsibility for any such changes.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gleijeses, Piero, author.
Title: America's road to empire : foreign policy from independence to World War One / Piero Gleijeses.
Description: London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. | Series: New approaches to international history
| Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifi ers: LCCN 2021005070 (print) | LCCN 2021005071 (ebook) | ISBN 9781350028678 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781350028685 (paperback) | ISBN 9781350028661 (ebook) | ISBN 9781350028692 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Imperialism. | United States–Foreign relations–1783–1865. | United States–Foreign
relations–1865–1921. | United States–Territorial expansion. | United States–Colonial question.
Classifi cation: LCC E183.7 .G553 2021 (print) | LCC E183.7 (ebook) | DDC 327.73009/034—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021005070
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021005071
ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-2867-8
PB: 978-1-3500-2868-5
ePDF: 978-1-3500-2866-1
eBook: 978-1-3500-2869-2
Series: New Approaches to International History
Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk
To fi nd out more about our authors and books visit w ww.bloomsbury.com
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vi
To Setsuko Ono
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ABBREVIATIONS
AA Ausw ä rtiges Amt
AAE Archive des Aff aires Etrang è res, Paris
AHN Archivo Hist ó rico Nacional, Madrid
AMAE Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Madrid
AHR American Historical Review
AN, MRREE Archivo Nacional, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Jos é , Costa
Rica
Annals Th e Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States
BA Bundesarchiv, Ausẁ ä rtiges Amt, Berlin
c container
CG Congressional Globe
CP Correspondence Politique
DOS United States Department of State
FRUS United States, Department of State, F oreign Relations of the United
States
GPO Government Printing Offi ce
HAHR Hispanic American Historical Review
JAH Journal of American History
JLAS Journal of Latin American Studies
JNH Journal of Negro History
MAH Archivo Hist ó rico Genaro Estrada de la Secretar í a de Relaciones
Exteriores, Mexico City
NA National Archives, College Park, MD
LOC Library of Congress, Washington DC
NAR N orth American Review
NYH New York H erald
NWR Niles’ Weekly Register
P A Bundesarchiv, Politisches Archiv
PAH Syrett, Harold, ed. Th e Papers of Alexander Hamilton , 27 vols. (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1961–87)
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