Table Of ContentAmerican Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease
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American
Trypanosomiasis
Chagas Disease
One Hundred Years of Research
Second Edition
Edited by
Jenny Telleria
Unite´ MixtedeRecherche:InstitutdeRecherchepourle
De´veloppement(IRD)/CIRAD(Larechercheagronomique
pourlede´veloppement),MontpellierCedex,France
Michel Tibayrenc
MaladiesInfectieusesetVecteursEcologie,Ge´ne´tique,
EvolutionetControˆleMIVEGEC(InstitutdeRecherchepourle
De´veloppement224-CentreNationaldelaRecherche
Scientifique5290-Universite´sdeMontpellier1and2),
CentreIRD,Montpellier,France
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Contents
Listofcontributors xv
Preface xix
1 HistoryofthediscoveryoftheAmericanTrypanosomiasis
(Chagasdisease) 1
T.Araujo-Jorge,J.TelleriaandJ.R.Dalenz
Abeautifulhistoryoflifeandwork 1
Thehistoryofasignificantdiscovery 6
SalvadorMazza:markedthehistoryoftheknowledgeofhisdisease 10
CecilioRomanha:hiscontributiontotheidentificationofthedisease 11
FirstevidenceofTrypanosomiasisAmericana(Chagasdisease)
invariouscountriesofLatinAmerica 12
Chagasdisease100yearsafterthediscovery 16
Acknowledgments 18
References 18
2 Chagasdiseaseinpre-Colombiancivilizations 23
F.Guhl
Introduction 23
Geneticvariation 24
Archeology 25
Biochemistry(Bioarcheology) 25
Theparasitetransmissioncycle 27
Insectvectorsassociatedwiththehumanhabitats 29
Historical overview 32
Pre-HispanicsettlementsinareasoftransmissionofT.cruzi 34
OralinfectionbyT.cruzi 39
EvidenceofhumanT.cruziinfectioninpre-Colombiancivilizations 40
References 44
3 SocialandmedicalaspectsonChagasdiseasemanagement
andcontrol 47
J.C.P.DiasandC.J.Schofield
Introduction 47
GeneralframeandcostsofHCD 49
ThemedicalburdenofHCDinendemicandnonendemicareas 49
TheparticularquestionofspecifictreatmentofChagasdisease 52
vi Contents
SomesocialremarksconcerningthecontrolofHCD 52
Finalremarks 54
Abbreviations 55
References 55
4 CurrentepidemiologicaltrendsofChagasdiseaseinLatinAmerica
andfuturechallenges:epidemiology,surveillance,andhealthpolicies 59
A´.MoncayoandA.C.Silveira
Introduction 60
Modesoftransmission 60
Methodsandmeasurementofepidemiologicaltrendsinthecontinent
from1980to2006 61
Feasibilityofinterruptionoftransmission 63
Currentcontrolprograms 66
Economicimpact 66
Epidemiologicalimpactintheregion 67
Epidemiologicalimpact 77
Futurechallenges 78
References 84
5 GeographicaldistributionofChagasdisease 89
F.Guhl
Introduction 89
Vectorphylogeographyandecology 90
Parasitephylogeographyandecology 94
Epidemiologicalimplicationsofparasitedistributions 95
Vector(cid:1)parasite(cid:1)hostinteractionsandimplicationsforChagasdisease
distribution 96
AssessmentofregionsaffectedbyChagasdisease 97
OceaniaandAsia 100
ChagasdiseaseinMexicoandCentralAmerica 101
ChagasdiseaseintheAmazonregion 103
ChagasdiseaseintheAndeanregion 104
ChagasdiseaseintheSouthernConecountries 104
References 106
6 ClassificationandsystematicsoftheTriatominae 113
M.D.Bargues,C.SchofieldandJ.-P.Dujardin
Introduction 114
Subfamily:Triatominae 114
Tribesandgenera 118
Conceptofspecies 124
Conclusions 132
Aconsensualapproachtothespecies 133
Acknowledgment 135
References 135
Contents vii
7 BiologyofTriatominae 145
S.S.Catala´,F.NoireauandJ.-P.Dujardin
Introduction 145
Generalbiologyofvectors 146
InsightintothebiologyandecologyofTriatominaeinthesilvatic
environment 156
Vectorialcapacityanddomesticity 159
Vectorcontrolstrategy 161
Acknowledgments 162
Glossary 162
References 162
8 PopulationgeneticsofTriatominae 169
L.StevensandP.L.Dorn
Introduction 169
VectorpopulationstructuredirectsChagasdiseaseepidemiology
andcontrol 171
Geneticvariation,populationstructure,andimplications
forvectorcontrol 171
GeneticvariationandpopulationstructureofT.infestans,T.dimidiata,
R.prolixusandothersignificantvectorsofhumanChagasdisease 180
Perspectiveandfuturedirections 190
Acknowledgments 190
References 191
9 GeographicdistributionofTriatominaevectorsinAmerica 197
D.GorlaandF.Noireau
Introduction 197
Limitationofsamplingmethodstoestimatethegeographic
distributionofTriatominae 198
PatternofspeciesrichnessintheNewWorldTriatominae 199
DistributionofTriatominaeintheAmericas 201
EnvironmentalvariablesasindicatorsofTriatominaegeographic
distribution 207
GlobalwarmingandexpansionofgeographicrangeofT.infestans 212
Glossary 213
References 214
10 ControlstrategiesagainstTriatominae 223
D.GorlaandK.Hashimoto
Introduction 223
EliminationofdomesticpopulationsofTriatominae 224
Multinationalinitiatives 225
Thebeginningoftheend? 227
Criteriaforstratificationofvectorcontrolpriorities 230
viii Contents
Insecticideresistance 233
Newtechnologiesforvectorcontrol 233
Thepoliticalcommitment 236
Acknowledgments 238
References 238
11 EcologicalaspectsofTrypanosomacruzi:wildhostsandreservoirs 243
A.M.Jansen,S.C.C.XavierandA.L.R.Roque
Introduction 243
OrderDidelphimorphia 244
SuperorderXenarthra 247
OrderRodentia 249
OrderPrimata 252
OrderCarnivora 254
OrderChiroptera 256
OrderArtiodactyla 258
References 259
12 Trypanosomacruzienzooticcycle:generalaspects,domestic
andsynanthropichostsandreservoirs 265
A.M.Jansen,A.L.R.RoqueandS.C.C.Xavier
ThecomplexTrypanosomacruzitransmissioncycle 265
WhataretheTrypanosomacruzireservoirs? 266
Importanceofwildandsynanthropicmammalsinpublichealth—Brazil 269
Domesticmammalianspecies 271
Domesticnonmammalianspecies 273
ImportanceofinfecteddomesticmammalsonpublichealthinBrazil 274
Mixedinfection 275
References 278
13 Veterinary aspects 283
M.Desquesnes
Introduction 283
Thevariouswaysofinfectionofanimals(andhumans) 284
Theproblemofdiagnosisinanimals 286
Naturalinfectionsindomesticanimalsandlivestock 288
Experimentalinfectionsinlivestock 290
NewcyclesestablishintheUnitedStates 291
Conclusions 293
References 294
14 ExperimentalstudiesofChagasdiseaseinanimalmodels 299
M.deLana
Introduction 299
AnimalspeciesusedasexperimentalmodelinChagasdisease 300
Contents ix
Conclusions 314
References 314
15 ClassificationandphylogenyofTrypanosomacruzi 321
P.B.HamiltonandJ.R.Stevens
Applicationofmolecularphylogeneticstotrypanosometaxonomy
andunderstandingevolution 321
OriginoftrypanosomesandtherelationshipbetweenT.cruzi
andT.brucei 323
RelationshipswithinthegenusTrypanosoma 325
Molecularphylogeneticsandtraditionaltaxonomyofmammalian
trypanosomes 327
Themaingroupsoftrypanosomesrecognizedinmolecular
phylogeneticanalyses 328
TheT.cruziclade 330
TheoriginoftheT.cruziclade 333
Outlook 335
Glossary 335
References 336
16 BiologyofTrypanosomacruziandbiologicaldiversity 345
M.deLanaandE.M.deMenezesMachado
Taxonomy 345
Introduction 346
Evolutionarystages 346
Biologicalcycle 348
Biologyinthevertebratehost 348
Biologyintheinvertebratehost 352
BiologicaldiversityofT.cruzi 355
MaintainingT.cruziinthelaboratory 359
Glossary 362
References 363
17 BiochemistryofTrypanosomacruzi 371
R.DocampoandS.N.J.Moreno
Introduction 371
ChemotherapyofChagasdisease 372
Metabolic pathwaysinT.cruzithatcouldprovidetargetsfordrugs
againstChagasdisease 373
Redoxmetabolism 378
Acidocalcisomebiochemistryandosmoregulation 385
Conclusion 387
Acknowledgments 388
References 388
