Table Of ContentAmerican Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease
One Hundred Years of Research
American Trypanosomiasis
Chagas Disease
One Hundred Years of Research
Edited by
Jenny Telleria and Michel Tibayrenc
AMSTERDAM
G BOSTON
G HEIDELBERG
G LONDON
G NEW YORK
G OXFORD
PARIS
G SAN DIEGO
G SAN FRANCISCO
G SINGAPORE
G SYDNEY
G TOKYO
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First edition 2010
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Preface
One century with Chagas disease is much too long.
In 1909, Carlos Chagas identified Trypanosoma cruzi as the agent of Chagas
disease. In 1910, Chagas discovered that Triatoma bugs are vectors of the parasite
and that various animals (first, the armadillo) are wild reservoirs for the parasite. In
1986, Michel Tibayrenc and collaborators discovered that the reproduction of the
parasite is clonal, rather than sexual. The disease is, of course, much older than
Chagas’ discovery. It may have been associated with humans shortly after they
arrived in the Americas some 15,000 years ago. T. cruzi has been found in mum-
mies from northern Chile and southern Peru that are nearly 9000 years old.
Chagas disease is endemic in Central and South Americas, with significant pre-
valence of human infection in 22 Latin American countries, where it affects 10�12
million people and kills more than 15,000 humans each year. There are several
hundred thousand people infected with T. cruzi in other parts of the world. Mostly,
in the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, where the carriers are
typically Latin American immigrants, who are often unaware of their infection, but
cause the infection of others through blood transfusions and otherwise.
In spite of counting among mankind’s worst scourges Chagas disease has
received relatively little attention from investigators and institutions. Pharmaceutical
corporations typically have little or no interest in diseases that affect the world’s
poorest people. In the USA, Europe, and other industrialized countries, Chagas is
largely perceived as a foreign disease, which does not motivate government agen-
cies, foundations, and other institutions to invest substantial resources to discover
curative drugs and medical treatments.
This neglect may be changing. In 1943, the Oswaldo Cruz Institute’s Prophylaxis
and Study Center for Chagas Disease was created in Bambuı´, Brazil. In 1974, the
World Health Organization set a special program for the study of Chagas disease. In
1991, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay started the Southern
Cone initiative for vector control. The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative was
established the same year to promote research against Chagas and other tropical dis-
eases. The first complete genome sequence of T. cruzi was published in 2005, culmi-
nating an effort pioneered since 1998 by Bjo¨rn Andersson and others. There are now
very few treatment drugs in use, notably benznidazole and posaconazole, but research
and testing of several other drugs are in the pipeline.
American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease: One Hundred Years of Research is a
wonderful addition to current efforts. The coverage is broad, almost all-inclusive:
from history and geography
through vectors and nonhuman hosts, the biology and
modes of transmission of the parasite, and the host�parasite immune interactions
to
the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. I anticipate that this volume
will be hailed as a landmark in the history and control of Chagas disease.
Francisco J. Ayala
University of California, Irvine, USA
xvi
Preface
List of Contributors
Tania C. de Araujo-Jorge
Laborato´rio de Inovac¸o˜es em Terapias,
Ensino e Bioprodutos,
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
FIOCRUZ,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Arthur Aufderheide
Department of Pathology,
University of Minnesota,
Minnesota,
USA
Werner Apt
Laboratory of Parasitology,
Biological Science Institute,
University of Chile,
Independencia 1027 Santiago,
Chile
Christine Aznar
Universite´ des Antilles et de la Guyane,
Cayenne,
French Guyana
Maria Dolores Bargues
Departamento de Parasitologı´a,
Universidad de Valencia,
Valencia,
Spain
Christian Barnabe´
Institut de Recherche pour le
De´veloppement (IRD)/Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Montpellier,
France
Emile Santos Barrias
Instituto de Biofı´sica Carlos Chagas
Filho,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Daniella C. Bartholomeu
Department of Parasitology,
Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Minas Gerais,
Brazil
Miguel Angel Basombrı´o
Instituto de Patologı´a Experimental,
Universidad Nacional de Salta,
Salta,
Argentina
Simone Fre´de´rique Brenie`re
Institut de Recherche pour le
De´veloppement (IRD),
UR016 Caracte´risation et Controˆle des
Populations de Vecteurs,
Centre IRD, BP 64501,
34394 Montpellier, Cedux 5,
Montpellier,
France
Gregory A. Buck
Center for the Study of Biological
Complexity,
Virginia Commonwealth University,
Virginia,
USA
Yves Carlier
Laboratoire de Parasitologie,
Faculte´ de Me´decine,
Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB),
Bruxelles,
Belgium
Tecia Maria Ulisses de Carvalho
Instituto de Biofı´sica Carlos Chagas
Filho,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Marcelo Corti
HIV/AIDS Division,
Infectious Diseases F.J. Mun˜iz Hospital,
Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Joffre Marcondes de Rezende
Faculty of Medicine,
Federal University of Goias,
Goias,
Brazil
Wanderley de Souza
Diretoria de Programas,
Instituto Nacional de Metrologia,
Normalizac¸a˜o e Qualidade Industrial-
Inmetro,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Marc Desquesnes
CIRAD-Bios,
UMR177-Trypanosomes,
Montpellier,
France; Kasetsart University,
Bangkok,
Thailand
Roberto Docampo
Department of Cellular Biology and
Center for Tropical and Emerging
Global Diseases,
University of Georgia,
350B Paul D. Coverdell Center,
500 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens,
Georgia,
USA
Patricia Dorn
Department of Biological Sciences,
Loyola University New Orleans,
Louisiana,
USA
Jean-Pierre Dujardin
IRD (Institut de recherche pour le
de´veloppement),
CNRS (Centre National de la recherche
scientifique),
Av. Agropolis, F-34032,
Montpellier Cedex 5,
France
Najib M.A. El-Sayed
Department of Cell Biology and
Molecular Genetics,
Center for Bioinformatics and
Computational Biology,
Maryland Pathogen Research Institute,
University of Maryland,
College Park,
Maryland,
USA
David Gorla
Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Cientı´ficas y Transferencia
Tecnolo´gica de La Rioja,
La Rioja,
Argentina
xviii
List of Contributors
Felipe Guhl
Facultad de Ciencias,
Departamento de Ciencias Biolo´gicas,
Centro de Investigaciones en
Microbiologı´a y Parasitologı´a
Tropical
CIMPAT
Universidad de
Los Andes,
Bogota´,
Colombia
Patrick B. Hamilton
School of Biosciences,
University of Exeter;
Hatherly Laboratories,
Prince of Wales Road,
Exeter,
UK
Mireille Hontebeyrie
Institut Pasteur,
Paris,
France
Ana Maria Jansen
Laborato´rio de Biologia de
Tripanosomatı´deos,
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
FIOCRUZ,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Marta de Lana
Departamento de Ana´lises Clı´nicas,
Escola de Farma´cia,
Rua Costa Sena,
171, Centro,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto,
35300-000 Ouro Preto,
Minas Gerais,
Brazil
Michael D. Lewis
Department of Pathogen Molecular
Biology,
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases,
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine,
London,
UK
Alejandro O. Luquetti
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sau´de
Pu´blica and Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade Federal de Goias,
Goiaˆnia,
Brazil
Martin S. Llewellyn
Department of Pathogen Molecular
Biology,
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases,
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine,
London,
UK
Andre´a M. Macedo
Departamento de Bioquı´mica e
Imunologia,
Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais and Researcher of Conselho
Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq) of
Brazil,
Minas Gerais,
Brazil
Paula Marcet
Division of Parasitic Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention,
Georgia,
USA
xix
List of Contributors
Evandro Marques de Menezes
Machado
Departamento de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas,
Instituto de Cieˆncias Exatas e
Biolo´gicas
Universidade Federal do Ouro Preto,
Campus Universita´rio Morro do
Cruzeiro,
CEP:35400-000 Ouro Preto,
Minas Gerais,
Brazil
Silvia N.J. Moreno
Center for Tropical and Emerging
Global Diseases and Department of
Cellular Biology,
University of Georgia,
Georgia,
USA
A´ lvaro Moncayo
Manager of the TDR Task Force on
Intervention Research on Chagas
disease from 1998 to 2001 at the
World Health Organization,
Geneva,
Switzerland; Academia Nacional de
Medicina,
Bogota´,
Colombia
Fernando Monteiro
Laborato´rio de Doenc¸as Parasita´rias,
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
FIOCRUZ,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Michael A. Miles
Department of Pathogen Molecular
Biology,
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases,
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine,
London,
UK
Franc¸ois Noireau
Institut de recherche pour le
de´veloppement,
Centre National de la recherche
scientifique,
Montpellier,
France
James S. Patterson
Facultad de Ciencias,
Departamento de Ciencias Biolo´gicas,
Centro de Investigaciones en
Microbiologı´a y Parasitologı´a
Tropical
CIMPAT
Universidad de
Los Andes,
Bogota´,
Colombia
Angel Marcelo Padilla
Instituto de Patologı´a Experimental,
Universidad Nacional de Salta,
Salta, Argentina;
Center for Tropical and Emerging
Global Diseases,
University of Georgia,
Georgia,
USA
Cecilia Perez Brandan
Instituto de Patologı´a Experimental,
Universidad Nacional de Salta,
Salta,
Argentina
Joa˜o Carlos Pinto Dias
Laborato´rio de Triatomı´neos,
Centro de Pesquisa Rene´ Rachou
FIOCRUZ,
Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
Carlos Ponce
Laboratorio Central de Referencia,
Tegucigalpa,
Honduras
xx
List of Contributors
