Table Of ContentEditor-in-Chief Editor
AbdulHamid AbuSulayman Katherine Bullock
Assistant Editor
Layla Sein
Copy Editor
Jay Willoughby
Book Review Editor
Jasmin Zine
Editorial Board
Mumtaz Ahmad Sulayman S. Nyang
Anas al-Shaikh Ali Dilnawaz Siddiqui
M. A. Muqtedar Khan
International Advisory Board
Ibrahim Abu-Rabi Aziza Y. al-Hibri
Khurshid Ahmad Mohammad H. Kamali
Akbar Ahmed Enes Karic
Manzoor Alam Clovis Maksoud
Taha J. al-Alwani Ali A. Mazrui
Zafar Ishaq Ansari Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Khaled Blankinship Ibrahim Ahmed Omer
Charles Butterworth Mustapha Pasha
Louis J. Cantori James P. Piscatori
Ahmad Davutoglu Anne Sofie Roald
Abdulwahab M. Elmessiri Tamara Sonn
John L. Esposito Antony Sullivan
Mehdi Golshani Sayyid M. Syeed
M. Kamal Hassan Ahmad Yusuf
A joint publication of:
The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)
&
The Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS)
Mailing Address:
All correspondence should be addressed to the Editor at:
AJISS, P. O. Box 669, Herndon, VA 20172-0669 USA
Phone: 703-471-1133 • Fax: 703-471-3922 • Email:
VOLUME 21 SUMMER 2004 NUMBER 3
AMERICAN JOURNAL
OF
ISLAMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES
Special Issue:
Neo-Orientalism and Islamophobia:
Post-9/11
ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM SOCIAL SCIENTISTS
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT
Note to Contributors
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© The International Institute of Islamic Thought
ISSN 0742-6763
CONTENTS
Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Articles
Justifying Islamophobia: A Post-9/11 Consideration of the
European Union and British Contexts
Christopher Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia,
Multiculturalism, and the State
Tahir Abbas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Muslims and the Media after 9/11:
A Muslim Discourse in the American Media?
Halil Ibrahim Yenigun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Liberating Afghan Women
Nancy Gallagher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
“Citizens of Heaven” versus “The Islamic Peril”:
The Anti-Islamic Rhetoric of Orlando’s
Holy Land Experience Since 9/11/01
Nancy L. Stockdale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy:
Reflections from the Educational Front Lines
Jasmin Zine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Review Essay
Warraq’s War: A Critical Review
Ahrar Ahmad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Book Reviews
After Shock: September 11, 2001 - Global Feminist Perspectives
(by Susan Hawthorne and Brownwyn Winter, eds.)
Bathseba M. Opini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Losing Control: Global Security in the Twenty-first Century
(by Paul Rogers)
Munya G. Kabba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Western Supremacy: The Triumph of an Idea?
(by Sophie Bessis)
Maliha Chishti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms
in the War on Terrorism
(by David Cole)
Imad A. Ahmad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Fear and Anxiety in the Arab World
(by Michel G. Nehme)
Amber Haque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
The Arab Mind
(by Raphael Patai)
Omer M. Mozaffar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Islamic Peril: Media and Global Violence
(by Karim H. Karim)
Laurent Bonnefoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide
(by Bat Ye’or; tr. Miriam Kochan and David Littman)
Imad A. Ahmad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Beyond Veil and Holy War: Islamic Teachings and
Muslim Practices with Biblical Comparisons
(by Saleem Ahmed)
Nevin Reda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam
in the Contemporary World
(by Carl W. Ernst)
Amira K. Bennison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
The Trouble with Islam: A Wake-Up Call for Honesty and Change
(by Irshad Manji)
Nerjis Mazid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Sword of Islam: Muslim Extremism from the Arab Conquest
to the Attack on America
(by John F. Murphy Jr.)
Rachad Antonius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Islamic Fundamentalism and the Doctrine of Jihad
(by A. J. Abraham)
Mikhail Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Pride, Faith, and Fear: Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
(by Charlotte A. Quinn and Frederick Quinn)
Ali Mabrook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800
(by Humayun Ansari)
Maria F. Curtis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Caravanserai: Journey among Australian Muslims
(by Hanifa Deen)
Katherine Bullock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Brick Lane
(by Monica Ali)
Wendy O’Shea Meddour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Forum
The Jewish Obligation to Stand Up against Islamophobia
in the United States
Lisabeth Kaplan and Paul Roochnik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Conference, Symposium, and Panel Reports
Legal and Practical Aspects of Participation by Women in Arab Societies
Marina de Regt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
An Interfaith Perspective on Globalization for the Common Good
Suleman Dangor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Family and Households in History
Sherry Gad Elrab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Abstracts
Doctoral Dissertations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
CALL FOR PAPERS
The 33rd Annual Conference of
the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS)
Revisioning Modernity: Challenges and Possibilities for Islam
Cosponsored by: George Mason University: Center for Global Studies
& Islamic Studies Program, Fairfax, Virginia
September 24 - 26, 2004
Deadlines:
Abstracts: May 28, 2004• Papers: August 27, 2004
The AMSS 33rd Annual Conference offers an exceptional forum to address the con-
temporary challenges of globalization and to analyze how the transnational flows of
people, ideas, technologies, and commodities challenge fixed conceptions of identity
and belonging, as well as traditional models of social and political organization. Since
these same processes blur the contours, location, and social meaning of Islam – both
in global spaces and closer to home – AMSS seeks to explore to what extent has con-
temporary global life exceeded the boundaries of modernity. What does it mean – in
terms of both discourse and practice – to transcend modernity? How do Muslims from
diverse subject locations engage, question, or challenge notions of modernity and post-
modernity? What is it to be Muslim in a complex world of multiple identity affiliations and
fractured subjectivities? We are looking for papers that engage, address, or integrate
the following subthemes:
• The Decolonization & Politicization of • Center & Periphery: the Global Politics of
Knowledge Development & Governance
• Multiple & Fractured Identities • Resisting Ethnic “Tribalism”
• Discourse Ethics & Cosmopolitanism • Social Movements
• Diaspora: Integration, Assimilation, • Peace Education, Anti-racism/Anti-
Resistance Islamophobia Education
• Islamic Feminism in Transnational Contexts • The Politics of Difference & the Challenge of
• Technology & Society Solidarity
• International Security & Humanitarian Crises • Progressive Islam & Who Are Progressive
• War, Migration & Refugees Muslims
• Human Rights/Civil Liberties • Islamic Knowledge & Education: Future
• Poverty/Economic Restructuring Directions
Abstracts (250 words) are due May 28, 2004. Accepted proposals will be announced within 21
days. Accepted papers must be submitted by August 27, 2004, to be included in the confer-
ence program.
Send abstracts to the Conference Coordinator, Ms. Layla Sein, at
Editorial
This special issue was suggested to us by a reader during my term as AJISS
book review editor. Soon after 9/11, many bookstores and popular websites,
among them www.amazon.com, stocked up on Islam-bashing books whose
main arguments were that Islam posed numerous threats to the United States,
in particular, and to the West in general. Authors took umbrage with President
Bush’s claim that the “war on terror” was not a war on Islam, and that, indeed,
it was Islam that was the problem and the enemy of the modern age. How
about making some scholarly responses to these books, our reader asked.
I was initially of two minds, for these books were not academic trea-
tises. Should an academic journal spend time on non-academic books? On
the other hand, given how important these books were (and are) in shaping
public opinion about Islam and the presence of Muslims in the West, it
seemed essential that Muslim intellectuals should respond. To do nothing in
the face of the barrage of negative and hostile arguments ultimately seemed
irresponsible. The Muslim community was under attack – spiritually and
physically. If there were no intellectual counter-arguments from a Muslim
perspective, what could an uninformed and curious reader rely on to hear
from the other side? A non-response by Muslims would count as affirmation,
because the reader would have no alternative sources with which to think
about the issues being raised. Thus, we decided to provide scholarly
responses to the Islam-bashing books from Muslim intellectuals (or non-
Muslim scholars empathetic with Islam) that would do more than say “these
books are inflammatory” by providing reasoned analysis and argumentation
as to why such books were not only wrong and misguided, but also that they
were actually inciting hatred toward Muslims.
Not everyone agreed with our thinking, and some Muslim academics
felt it would be a waste of their time to review (hence give unwarranted cre-
dence to) nonacademic populist diatribes against Islam and Muslims. Others
embraced the project with enthusiasm. A few reviewers who had initially
consented found that in the end, they were unable to complete their assign-
ments because they could not stomach such biased and non-academic books.
When I became editor of AJISS, we decided to devote an entire issue to
Islamophobia and not just review a few influential Islam-bashing books. By
this stage, enough time had passed for it to become obvious that Muslim-
ii The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3
bashing post-9/11 was not simply a passing phenomenon based on revenge,
but a deeper-seated structural issue in western societies, from the UK to North
America to Australia. In addition, the United States Congress, in a concerted
effort, was threatening academic freedom, and neo-conservative academics
were attempting to discredit Muslim voices (even being presumptuous enough
to set up their own “Muslim” think tanks!), in hopes of silencing Muslim per-
spectives altogether. Thus, we issued a call for papers to address neo-
Orientalism and Islamophobia since 9/11. This issue is the result of that. And
we are pleased to offer you a strong and comprehensive special issue on the
topic of Islamophobia and Orientalism post-9/11 with international dimen-
sions. Jasmin Zine worked hard to have a wide range of books related to the
issue’s theme reviewed, and I am sure you will find the book review section
rich with considered critiques of both relevant populist and academic books.
Ahmed Ahrar has written a discerning extended review essay on Ibn
Warraq, one of the most well-known populist Islam-bashing authors who
has been having a field day since 9/11, courtesy of our “friends” at Prome-
theus Publishing house. He provides a timely and scholarly rebuttal of Ibn
Warraq's diatribes against Islam.
Two articles from the UK open the issue. Christopher Allen and Tahir
Abbas seek to theorize Islamophobia, using Britain as a case study. Allen’s
paper explores whether or not 9/11 has significantly altered the forms and
structure of Islamophobia. He looks at the immediate post-9/11 period,
begins with the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia’s
“Summary Report into Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001,”
and then moves on to Britain as a case study. Allen finds that 9/11 has sharp-
ened an already present Islamophobia, with the left and far-right coming
together in their anti-Muslim pronouncements. He concludes, worryingly,
that Islamophobia is being normalized across British society.
Abbas concurs, arguing that “British discourse on racialized minorities
has transformed from ‘color’ in the 1950s and 1960s, ‘race’ in the 1960s,
1970s and 1980s, ‘ethnicity’ in the 1990s, to ‘religion’ in the present cli-
mate,” with religion meaning “Muslims.” Abbas maintains that in spite of
the Muslim presence in the UK for generations, Muslim loyalties to Britain
are still being questioned, and Muslims often feel forced to choose between
“Islamic” or “British” identities on the one hand, or from inside the Muslim
community “liberal” or “radical” on the other.
Both Allen and Abbas highlight the role of the media in helping to
shape and form the public’s perception of Islam and Muslims. By and large,
and in spite of numerous articles giving voice to Muslim perspectives, the
