American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History

1204 Pages·2013·13.83 MB·English

by  Gina Misiroglu

AMERICAN
COUNTERCULTURES
An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative
Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History
Edited by
Gina Misiroglu
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
American countercultures: an encyclopedia of nonconformists, alternative lifestyles, and radical
ideas in U.S. history/Gina Misiroglu, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-8060-0 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. Counterculture—United States—History. 2. United States—Social life and customs. 3. Popular
culture—United States—History. I. Misiroglu, Gina Renie.
HM647.A44 2009
306'.1—dc22 2008026227
Cover images (clockwise, starting in upper left corner) provided by the following: Bob Gomel/Stringer/
Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; Silver Screen Collection/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; John Olson/
Stringer/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; Library of Congress; Stringer/Getty Images; Library of
Congress.
Printed and bound in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z 39.48.1984.
(c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Myron E. Sharpe
Vice President and Director of New Product Development: Donna Sanzone
Vice President and Production Director: Carmen Chetti
Executive Editor and Manager of Reference: Todd Hallman
Executive Development Editor: Jeff Hacker
Project Manager: Laura Brengelman
Program Coordinator: Cathleen Prisco
Text Design: Carmen Chetti and Jesse Sanchez
Cover Design: Jesse Sanchez
AMERICAN COUNTERCULTURES
Table of Contents
Introduction: American Countercultures–Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S.
History
A-Z Entries
Abbey, Edward (1927–1989)
Abolitionism
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Absinthe
Abstract Expressionism
Acid Rock
Advertising
African Americans
Afrocentrism
Alcoholics Anonymous
Alcott, Amos Bronson (1799–1888)
Algonquin Round Table
Ali, Muhammad (1942–)
Alice’s Restaurant
Alison, Francis (1705–1779)
Altamont Free Concert
Amana Society
American Indian Movement
Amish
Amphetamines and Speed Freaks
Anarchism
Anarchist Cookbook, The
Anderson, Laurie (1947–)
Anderson, Margaret (1886–1973)
Andrews, Stephen Pearl (1812–1886)
Anti-Freemasonry
Anti-Globalization Movement
Antinomianism
Apocalypse Culture
Apple Computer
Armory Show
Ashcan School
Asian Pride
Astrology
Atheism
Aurora Commune
Austin, Texas
Baby Boomers
Backus, Isaac (1724–1806)
Baez, Joan (1941–)
Baker, Chet (1929–1988)
Baker, Josephine (1906–1975)
Baldwin, James (1924–1987)
Baldwin, Roger (1884–1981)
Baraka, Amiri (1934–)
Barnes, Djuna (1892–1982)
Barnum, P.T. (1810–1891)
Beach, Sylvia (1887–1962)
Beat Generation
Beatles, The
Bebop
Be-Ins
Bellamy, Edward (1850–1898)
Ben & Jerry’s
Berkeley, California
Berkman, Alexander (1870–1936)
Berlin Heights Commune
Berrigan, Daniel (1921–), and Philip Berrigan (1923–2002)
Bethel Commune
Bicycles
Bierce, Ambrose (1842–1914?)
Biker Culture
Birth Control Pill
Black Arts Movement
Black Mountain College
Black Muslims
Black Panthers
Black Power Movement
Blavatsky, Helena (1831–1891)
Bloggers
Blue Man Group
Blues Music
Body Arts
Bohemianism
Bookstores, Alternative
Boston Marriages
Bowery B’hoys and G’hals
Bowie, David (1947–)
Branch Davidians
Brando, Marlon (1924–2004)
Brautigan, Richard (1935–1984)
Brisbane, Albert (1809–1890)
Broadside
Brook Farm
Brown, H. Rap (1943–)
Brown Berets
Brownson, Orestes (1803–1876)
Bruce, Lenny (1925–1966)
Buddhism
Bukowski, Charles (1920–1994)
Buntline, Ned (ca. 1823–1886)
Burning Man Festival
Burns, Otway (1775–1850)
Burroughs, William S. (1914–1997)
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Carlin, George (1937–2008)
Carmichael, Stokely (1941–1998)
Carroll, Jim (1950–2009)
Carson, Rachel (1907–1964)
Cash, Johnny (1932–2003)
Castaneda, Carlos (1925–1998)
Catcher in the Rye, The
Catholic Worker Movement
CBGB
Cedar Tavern
Chautauqua Movement
Chávez, César (1927–1993)
Cheech and Chong
Chelsea Hotel
Cherry Lane Theatre
Chicago Seven
Chicano Moratorium
Chicano Movement
Chicano Theater
Chick, Jack (1924–)
Chomsky, Noam (1928–)
Christian Science
Circus and Carnival Culture
City College of New York
City Lights Books
Civil Rights Movement
Claflin, Tennessee (1846–1923)
Clapp, Henry (1814–1875)
Clare, Ada (ca. 1836–1874)
Cocaine
Coffeehouses
COINTELPRO
Collins, Judy (1939–)
Columbia University
Come-Outers
Comics, Underground
Communes
Communism
Communitarianism
Con Artists
Conceptual Art
Conroy, Jack (1898–1990)
Conscientious Objectors, Draft Dodgers, and Deserters
Consciousness Raising
Conspiracy Theories
Cooperatives, Consumer
Cooperatives, Producer
Coyote, Peter (1941–)
Crumb, Robert (1943–)
Cults
Cummings, E.E. (1894–1962)
Cushman, Charlotte (1816–1876)
Cyberpunk
Daughters of Bilitis
Davis, Andrew Jackson (1826–1910)
Davis, Angela (1944–)
Davis, Miles (1926–1991)
Dean, James (1931–1955)
Debs, Eugene V. (1855–1926)
Deep Ecology
Deganawidah (ca. 1500–ca. 1600)
Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885)
Democratic Party
Dial, The
Dick, Philip K. (1928–1982)
Disco
Doonesbury
Douglass, Frederick (ca. 1818–1895)
Draft, Military
Drag
Drifters
Drug Culture
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
Dyer, Mary (ca. 1611–1660)
Dylan, Bob (1941–)
East Village, New York City
Eastman, Max (1883–1969), and Crystal Eastman (1881–1928)
Easy Rider
Eckankar
Ecstasy
Electrical Bananas
Ellison, Harlan (1934–)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882)
Emo and Hardcore
Encounter Groups
Environmentalism
Ephrata Cloister
Erhard Seminars Training (est)
Esalen Institute
Eugene, Oregon
Evergreen Review
Existentialism
Exorcism
Extrasensory Perception and Parapsychology
Farm, The
Farmers’ Alliance
Fashion
Father Divine (ca. 1877–1965)
Federal Art Project
Federal Theatre Project
Federal Writers’ Project
Feminism, First-Wave
Feminism, Second-Wave
Feminism, Third-Wave
Feminism, Social Justice
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1919–)
Fetish Culture
Film, Cult
Film, Hollywood
Film, Independent
Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896–1940)
Fitzgerald, Zelda (1900–1948)
Flappers and Flapper Culture
Flower Children
Folk Music
Foster, Charles H. (1838–1888)
Fox, Kate (1838–1892), Leah Fox (1814–1890), and Margaret Fox (1833–1893)
Freaks, Freak Shows, and Freakatoriums
Free Love
Free Speech Movement
Free Universities
Freemasonry
Friedan, Betty (1921–2006)
Fruitlands
Fugs, The
Fuller, Margaret (1810–1850)
Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895–1983)
Fundamentalism, Christian
Gangs and Gang Culture
Gangsta Rap
Gangsters
Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879)
Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940)
Gay Liberation Movement
Gaye, Marvin (1939–1984)
Generation Gap
Generation X
Generation Y
Ghost Dance
Ginsberg, Allen (1926–1997)
Glam Rock
Goldman, Emma (1869–1940)
Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky” (1928–2005)
Gonzo Journalism
Gorton, Samuel (ca. 1592–1677)
Goth Culture
Graffiti
Graham, Sylvester (1794–1851)
Grange, National
Grateful Dead
Gray Panthers
Great Depression
Greeley, Horace (1811–1872)
Green Party
Greening of America, The
Greenwich Village, New York City
Gregory, Dick (1932–)
Groupies
Grunge Rock
Guerrilla Girls
Guerrilla Theater
Guthrie, Woody (1912–1967)
Hackers
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
Hair
Happenings
Hare Krishna
Harlem Renaissance
Harmonialism
Harmony Society
Harris, Thomas Lake (1823–1906)
Hasidim and Hasidism
Hatch, Cora Scott (1840–1923)
Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804–1864)
Haywood, William “Big Bill” (1869–1928)
Health Foods
Heaven’s Gate
Heavy Metal
Hecker, Isaac (1819–1888)
Hefner, Hugh (1926–)
Hells Angels
Hemingway, Ernest (1899–1961)
Hendrix, Jimi (1942–1970)
Heroin
Hester, Carolyn (1937–)
Hip-Hop
Hippies
Hitchhiking
Hoffman, Abbie (1936–1989)
Holiday, Billie (1915–1959)
hooks, bell (1952–)
Hopper, Dennis (1936–)
Hot-Rodding
Houdini, Harry (1874–1926)
Hughes, Langston (1902–1967)
Hurston, Zora Neale (ca. 1891–1960)
Hutchinson, Anne (1591–1643)
Huxley, Aldous (1894–1963)
Icarians
Indie Rock
Industrial Workers of the World
Ingersoll, Robert (1833–1899)
Internet
James, C.L.R. (1901–1989)
Jazz
Jefferson Airplane
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Jemison, Mary (1743–1833)
Jesus People
Jews
Jews for Jesus
John Birch Society
John Reed Clubs
Joplin, Janis (1943–1970)
Kerouac, Jack (1922–1969)
Kesey, Ken (1935–2001)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968)
Kitchen, The
Knights of the Golden Circle
Ku Klux Klan
Kunstler, William (1919–1995)
Latino and Latina Culture
Le Sueur, Meridel (1900–1996)
Leary, Timothy (1920–1996)
Lee, Ann (1736–1784)
Lennon, John (1940–1980)
Lesbian Culture
Liberator, The
Lippmann, Walter (1889–1974)
Living Theatre
London, Jack (1876–1916)
Los Angeles, California