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Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm December1,2010 16:11 Dan Plesch is the Director of the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. His previous books include The Beauty Queen’s Guide to World Peace. ‘Inthisbook,DanPleschopensalong-lockeddoorandshinesapiercing searchlightonapastwhichhasgreatimpactonthepresent–thevirtually unknownoriginsoftheUNinthedarkdaysofWorldWarII.Agenuine revelationwhichheputsintoitschallengingandtroubledmoderncontext.’ —JonathanDimbleby ‘The story of the United Nations between its creation as a war-fighting alliancebyRooseveltandChurchillinJanuary1942anditsestablishment asaglobalpeace-keepingorganizationatSanFranciscothreeyearslater hasneverbeenfullytold;butwithoutitwecannotfullyunderstandeither theconductofthewarinitslatterstagesnorthenatureoftheimperfect peacethatfollowed.DanPleschhasnowpulleditalltogetherinalivelyand provocativestudythatnotonlyfillsthisgapbutwillmakeusre-examine manycurrently-heldassumptionsaboutthemakingofthepost-warworld.’ —SirMichaelHoward,founderofWarStudies atKing’sCollege,London ‘Therearecertainlymanylessonsinthisbookthatstatesmenandleaders indefence,securityandinternationaleconomicswoulddowelltotakeon boardtoday.’ —AdmiralLordBoyce,ChiefofUKDefenceStaff2001–2003 ‘Television histories of World War II have been made obsolete by Dan Plesch’sbook.’ —JerryKuehl,AssociateProducer,‘TheWorldatWar’ ‘ThisbookshouldberequiredreadingfortheObamaadministrationand the leaders of other countries as well. It is an historical treasure trove of documents and anecdotes about the origins of the United Nations as a projecttowinthewarandsecurethepeace.’ —ThomasG.Weiss,PresidentialProfessorofPoliticalScience, TheCityUniversityofNewYork ‘TheUnitedNationswasnotcreatedoutofnothing.Beforeitbecamean organization,itwasthenameofthewartimeallianceagainstNazismand fascism.DanPleschperformsagreatserviceinremindingusofthisearly history,andofatimewhenpublicopinionintheworld’sgreatdemocracies understoodtheneedforbindingglobalarrangementsto“savesucceeding generationsfromthescourgeofwar”.’ —EdwardMortimer,formerlyDirectorofCommunications intheExecutiveOfficeoftheUnitedNationsSecretary-General Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 ‘Thisbookisthemostoriginalandgroundbreakingreappraisalofthecon- ductofWorldWarIIin65years.Histhesisthatthe‘UnitedNations’(which includedSovietRussia)wonthewaragainstNaziGermanyandthatsub- sequentColdWarpoliticsobscuredthistruth,ismeticulouslydocumented andsupported.Thisisa“mustread”foreverystudentofmodernandcon- temporary history, international politics and international relations, and moderninternationalpolicymakers.’ —ChrisBellamy,DirectoroftheGreenwichMaritimeInstitute andauthorofAbsoluteWar:SovietRussiaintheSecondWorldWar ‘Afascinatingbookfullofnicetidbitsonedoesn’twanttoskip.’ —SirRichardJolly,formerlyAssistantSecretaryGeneral oftheUnitedNationsholdingseniorpositionsinUNICEFandUNDP ‘Magnificent.America,HitlerandtheUNforthefirsttimeshowsthepresent UnitedNationsinthefullcontextofitswartimeparentage.Indoingso,it provides an important new dimensionboth for the world organization’s currentandever-growingresponsibilities,andforthosewhoareresponsi- bleforchartinganddevelopingitsfuture.’ —SirBrianUrquhart,formerUndersecretary-General oftheUnitedNations Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 AMERICA, HITLER AND THE UN HOW THE ALLIES WON WORLD WAR II AND FORGED A PEACE Dan Plesch Foreword by Sir Brian Urquhart Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 Publishedin2011byI.B.Tauris&CoLtd 6SalemRoad,LondonW24BU 175FifthAvenue,NewYorkNY10010 www.ibtauris.com DistributedintheUnitedStatesandCanadaExclusivelybyPalgraveMacmillan 175FifthAvenue,NewYorkNY10010 Copyright©2011DanPlesch TherightofDanPleschtobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedbyhiminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,oranypart thereof,maynotbereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. ISBN:9781848853089 AfullCIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary AfullCIPrecordisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:available TypesetinPalatinobyMPSLimited,aMacmillanCompany PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 For Linds, Susie and Robster Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 22:25 Contents ListofPhotographsandIllustrations ix ListofTables xi ListofMaps xii ForewordbySirBrianUrquhart xiii Preface xv Introduction 1 1. AmericabeforePearlHarbor:ostrichorowl? 11 2. Americagoestowar:thecreationoftheUnitedNations 31 3. WeaponsfortheAllies:MotowngoestoStalingrad 59 4. KeepingtheAlliestogether:CasablancaandTehran 75 5. Justiceforwarcrimes:AuschwitzandNuremburg 101 6. Post-warreliefandreconstruction:UNRRA 119 7. Moneyandtrade:BrettonWoodsandHavana– prosperityforall? 141 8. Security:DumbartonOaks,YaltaandSanFrancisco 163 Conclusion 185 Chronology 188 GlossaryoftheUnitedNationsinWorldWarII 192 Appendix:SelectedGallupPolls,1938–45 193 Notes 209 Bibliography 222 Index 249 Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 Plesch-5480013 Plesch5480013˙fm November30,2010 15:45 List of Photographs and Illustrations 1 UnitedNationsDayParadeinLondonatBuckingham Palace,14June1942.(PhotobyHansWild/TimeLife Pictures/GettyImages) 4 2 ThefutureQueenElizabethIIwithherparentsandother dignitariesreviewtheUnitedNationsDayParade,London, 14June1942.(PhotobyHansWild/TimeLifePictures/ GettyImages) 5 3 AdolfHitlerandBenitoMussolini.(PhotobyAlfred Eisenstaedt/PixInc./TimeLifePictures/GettyImages) 15 4 TheDutchcityofRotterdamafterGermanbombing inMay1940.(PhotobyTimeLifePictures/OfficeOfWar Information/NationalArchives/TimeLifePictures/ GettyImages) 16 5 JosefStalinandHarryHopkinsinMoscow,July1941.(Photoby MargaretBourke-White//TimeLifePictures/GettyImages) 23 6 ThechurchserviceattheChurchill-RooseveltAtlanticCharter meeting.(PhotobyLAPI/RogerViollet/GettyImages) 24 7 AtypicalUSnewspaperheadlinefromearly1942.(Brownsville Herald,Texas,14March1942,atwww.newspaperarchive.com) 42 8 GeorgeC.MarshallandHenryL.Stimson.(Photoby ThomasD.Mcavoy/TimeLifePictures/GettyImages) 51 9 UnitedNationsflag,1944.(PhotobyRalphCrane/TimeLife Pictures/GettyImages) 52 10 TheUnitedNationsatSimpson’sServicesClub,Piccadilly, London.(Artwork:Simpson’s) 54 11 LondonLiberalJewishSynagogueserviceforthevictory oftheUnitedNationsintheWorldWarandthe ensuingpeace.(BritishLibrary) 55 12 Lend-LeaseandtotalUSwarcosts.(Stettinius,LendLease,1943) 61 13 AhopefulUSnewspaperheadlineofJanuary1943.(Times Herald,Olean,NewYork,25January1943,at www.newspaperarchive.com) 77 14 FranklinD.RooseveltandWinstonChurchillatCasablanca, January1943.(PhotobyTimeLifePictures/National Archives/TimeLifePictures/GettyImages) 81 15 TheexpansionofLend-Lease,1941–3.(Stettinius,LendLease, 1943) 96

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On January 1, 1942, Churchill and Roosevelt issued a "Declaration" by United Nationswith 24 other states. This marked the beginning of the UN in a real and tangible form. Yet today many people have forgotten that the UN was forged in the midst of the confusion and complexity of wartime. How did the
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On January 1, 1942, Churchill and Roosevelt issued a "Declaration" by United Nationswith 24 other states. This marked the beginning of the UN in a real and tangible form. Yet today many people have forgotten that the UN was forged in the midst of the confusion and complexity of wartime. How did the

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