Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management

520 Pages·2004·6.79 MB·English

by  Johannes Lehmann

Amazonian Dark Earths
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 1-4020-2597-1
Print ISBN: 1-4020-1839-8
©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
Print ©2003Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht
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Created in the United States of America
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TO WIM SOMBROEK
A valued colleague and friend, the father of contemporary Terra Preta
research, and the inspiration for this book.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Authors xi
Preface xv
Foreword xix
DISCOVERING AMAZONIAN DARK EARTHS
Chapter 1: Development of Anthrosol Research 3
W.I. Woods
Chapter 2: Historical Perspectives on Amazonian Dark Earths 15
T.P. Myers, W.M. Denevan, A. Winklerprins, A. Porro
Chapter 3: Historical and Socio-cultural Origins of Amazonian 29
Dark Earths
E.G. Neves, J.B. Petersen, R.N. Bartone, C.A. da Silva
Chapter 4: Distribution of Amazonian Dark Earths in the Brazilian 51
Amazon
D.C. Kern, G. D’Aquino, T.E. Rodrigues, F.J.L. Frazão
W. Sombroek, T.P. Myers, E.G. Neves
Chapter 5: Classification of Amazonian Dark Earths and other 77
Ancient Anthropic Soils
N. Kämpf, W.I. Woods, W. Sombroek, D.C. Kern, T.J.F. Cunha
PROPERTIES OF AMAZONIAN DARK EARTHS
Chapter 6: Soil Fertility and Production Potential 105
J. Lehmann, D.C. Kern, L.A. German, J. McCann,
G.C. Martins, A. Moreira
Chapter 7: Amazonian Dark Earths as Carbon Stores and Sinks 125
W. Sombroek, M.L. Ruivo, P.M. Fearnside, B. Glaser,
J. Lehmann
Chapter 8: Soil Organic Matter Stability in Amazonian Dark Earths 141
B. Glaser, G. Guggenberger, W. Zech, M.L. Ruivo
Chapter 9: Agrobiodiversity in Amazônia and its Relationship with 159
Dark Earths
C.R. Clement, J.M. McCann, N.J.H. Smith
Chapter 10: Ethnoscientific Understandings of Amazonian 179
Dark Earths
L. German
vii
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF AMAZONIAN DARK EARTHS
Chapter 11: Archaeobotanical Methods for the Study of Amazonian 205
Dark Earths
S. Mora
Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry Studies on Amazonian Dark Earths 227
B. Glaser, G. Guggenberger, W. Zech
Chapter 13: The Use of Micromorphology for the Study of the 243
Formation and Properties of Amazonian Dark Earths
M.L.P. Ruivo, M.A. Arroyo-Kalin, C.E.R. Schaefer, H.T. Costi,
S.H.S. Arcanjo, H.N. Lima, M.M. Pulleman, D. Creutzberg
Chapter 14: Determining Nutrient Bioavailability of Amazonian 255
Dark Earth Soils – Methodological Challenges
N.P.S. Falcão, N. Comerford, J. Lehmann
Chapter 15: Soil Physical Characterization 271
W.G. Teixeira, G.C. Martins
Chapter 16: Amazonian Dark Earths: Biological Measurements 287
J. Thies, K. Suzuki
Chapter 17: Pedogeochemical and Mineralogical Analyses of 333
Amazonian Dark Earths
M.L. da Costa, D.C. Kern, N. Kämpf
AMAZONIAN DARK EARTH MANAGEMENT
Chapter 18: Indigenous Soil Management and the Creation of 355
Amazonian Dark Earths: Implications of Kayapó Practices
S.B. Hecht
Chapter 19: Cultural Behaviors of Indigenous Populations and the 373
Formation of the Archaeological Record in Amazonian
Dark Earth: the Asurini Do Xingú Case Study
F.A. Silva
Chapter 20: Contemporary Use and Management of Amazonian 387
Dark Earths
M. Hiraoka, S. Yamamoto, E. Matsumoto, S. Nakamura,
I.C. Falesi, A.R.C. Baena
Chapter 21: The Effect of Management on the Fertility of Amazonian 407
Dark Earth Soils
B. Madari, V.de M. Benites, T.J.F. Cunha
TABLE OFCONTENTS ix
Chapter 22: Weed Population Dynamics and Management on 433
Amazonian Dark Earth
J. Major, A. DiTommaso, L.A. German, J.M. McCann
Chapter 23: Historical Ecology and Future Explorations 455
C. Erickson
ANNEX
Picture Annex 501
Index 503
LIST OF AUTHORS
Sylvia H. de Souza Arcanjo Tony J.F. Cunha
Coordination of the Earth Science and Ecology National Soil Research Center
Museu Paraense Emílio Goëldi Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation
Belém, PA, Brazil (Embrapa Solos)
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
Manoel A. Arroyo-Kalin Gilma D'Aquino
McBurney Geoarchaeology Lab Coordenação de Ciências Humanas
Department of Archaeology Museu Paraense Emílio Goëldi
University of Cambridge Belém, PA, Brazil
Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Antonio R.C. Baena William M. Denevan
Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation Department of Geography
(Embrapa Amazônia Oriental) University of Wisconsin
Belém, PA, Brazil Madison, WI, 53706, USA
Email: [email protected]
Robert N. Bartone Antonio DiTomasso
Archaeological Research Center Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
University of Maine at Farmington Cornell University
Farmington, ME 04938, USA Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Venicius de M. Benites Clark Erickson
National Soil Research Center Department of Anthropology
Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation University of Pennsylvania
(Embrapa Solos) Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398, USA
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Charles R. Clement Newton P. de Souza Falcão
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
(INPA) (INPA)
Manaus, AM, Brazil Manaus, AM, Brazil
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Nicholas Comerford Italo C. Falesi
Soil and Water Science Department Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation
University of Florida (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental)
Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA Belem, PA, Brazil
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Marcondes Lima da Costa Philip M. Fearnside
Geosciences Center Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Universidade Federal do Pará (INPA)
Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil Manaus, AM, Brazil
email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
xi
xii LIST OF AUTHORS
Hilton T. Costi Francisco J.L. Frazão
Coordination of Research and Post-Graduation Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
Museum Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, PA, Brazil
Belém, PA, Brazil
Dik Creutzberg Laura German
International Soil Reference and Information World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)
Centre (ISRIC) Nairobi, Kenya
Wageningen, The Netherlands Email: [email protected]
Email:[email protected]
Bruno Glaser Julie Major
Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
University of Bayreuth Cornell University
95440 Bayreuth, Germany Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
Email:[email protected] Email: [email protected]
Georg Guggenberger Gilvan C. Martins
Soil Biology and Ecology Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental)
06108 Halle, Germany Manaus, AM, Brazil
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Susanna B. Hecht Eiji Matsumoto
Latin American Center Institute of Geosciences
University of California at Los Angeles University of Tsukuba
Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1656, USA Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
email: [email protected]
Mario Hiraoka Joseph McCann
Department of Geography Division of Social Sciences
Millersville University New School University
Millersville, PA, 17551, USA New York, NY, 10011, USA
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Nestor Kämpf Santiago Mora
Department of Soil Science Department of Anthropology
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul St. Thomas University, Fredericton
(URFGS) New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5G3
Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Dirse C. Kern Adonis Moreira
Deptartment of Ecology Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation
Museu Paraense Emílio Goëldi (Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental)
Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil Manaus, AM, Brazil
email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Johannes Lehmann Thomas P. Myers
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Divisionof Anthropology
Cornell University University of Nebraska State Museum
Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA Lincoln, NE, 68588-0514, USA
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
LISTOFAUTHORS xiii
Hedinaldo H. Lima Satoshi Nakamura
Department of Soil Sciences Institute of Geosciences
Amazonas University University of Tsukuba
Manaus, AM, Brazil Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
Email: [email protected]
Beáta Madari Eduardo G. Neves
National Soil Research Center, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia
Brazilian Agricultual Research Corporation Universidade de São Paulo
Rio de Janero, RJ, Brazil Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
James B. Peterson Wim Sombroek
Department of Anthropology International Soil Reference and Information
University of Vermont Centre (ISRIC)
Burlington, VT, 05405, USA PO Box 3536700 AJ, Wageningen
Email: [email protected] The Netherlands
Email: [email protected]
Antonio Porro Keiko Suzuki
University of Sao Paulo Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
Mirjan M. Pulleman Wenceslau G. Teixeira
Alterra Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental
Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Tarcisio E. Rodrigues Janice Thies
Embrapa Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Belém, PA, Brazil Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
Email: [email protected]
Maria de Lourde Ruivo Antoinette Winklerprins
Coordination of Earth Science and Ecology Department of Geography
Museu Paraense Emílio Goëldi Michigan State University
Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil East Lansing, MI, 48824-1115, USA
email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Carlos E.R. Schaefer William I. Woods
Department of Soil Sciences Department of Geography
Universidade Federal de Viçosa Southern Illinois University
Viçosa, MG, Brazil Edwardsville, Illinois, 62026-1458, USA
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Carlos A. da Silva Shozo Yamamoto
Museu Amazônico Department of Geography
Universidade Federal do Amazonas Josai International University
Manaus, AM, Brazil Togane-shi, Chiba, Japan