Amazon Redshift - Guide du développeur de base de données

898 Pages·2017·6.33 MB·French

by  Amazon Web Services

Amazon Redshift
Database Developer Guide
API Version 2012-12-01
Amazon Redshift Database Developer Guide
Amazon Redshift: Database Developer Guide
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Amazon Redshift Database Developer Guide
Table of Contents
Welcome........................................................................................................................................... 1
Are You a First-Time Amazon Redshift User? ................................................................................. 1
Are You a Database Developer? ................................................................................................... 2
Prerequisites.............................................................................................................................. 3
Amazon Redshift System Overview ...................................................................................................... 4
Data Warehouse System Architecture ........................................................................................... 4
Performance.............................................................................................................................. 6
Massively Parallel Processing .............................................................................................. 6
Columnar Data Storage..................................................................................................... 7
Data Compression............................................................................................................. 7
Query Optimizer................................................................................................................ 7
Result Caching.................................................................................................................. 7
Compiled Code.................................................................................................................. 8
Columnar Storage...................................................................................................................... 8
Internal Architecture and System Operation ................................................................................ 10
Workload Management............................................................................................................. 11
Using Amazon Redshift with Other Services ................................................................................ 11
Moving Data Between Amazon Redshift and Amazon S3 ....................................................... 11
Using Amazon Redshift with Amazon DynamoDB ................................................................. 11
Importing Data from Remote Hosts over SSH ...................................................................... 11
Automating Data Loads Using AWS Data Pipeline ................................................................. 12
Migrating Data Using AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) ......................................... 12
Getting Started Using Databases ........................................................................................................ 13
Step 1: Create a Database......................................................................................................... 13
Step 2: Create a Database User .................................................................................................. 14
Delete a Database User..................................................................................................... 14
Step 3: Create a Database Table ................................................................................................. 14
Insert Data Rows into a Table ............................................................................................ 15
Select Data from a Table ................................................................................................... 15
Step 4: Load Sample Data......................................................................................................... 15
Step 5: Query the System Tables ............................................................................................... 16
View a List of Table Names ............................................................................................... 16
View Database Users........................................................................................................ 17
View Recent Queries ......................................................................................................... 17
Determine the Process ID of a Running Query..................................................................... 18
Step 6: Cancel a Query ............................................................................................................. 18
Cancel a Query from Another Session ................................................................................. 19
Cancel a Query Using the Superuser Queue ......................................................................... 19
Step 7: Clean Up Your Resources ................................................................................................ 20
Amazon Redshift Best Practices......................................................................................................... 21
Best Practices for Designing Tables ............................................................................................. 21
Take the Tuning Table Design Tutorial ................................................................................ 22
Choose the Best Sort Key .................................................................................................. 22
Choose the Best Distribution Style ..................................................................................... 22
Use Automatic Compression .............................................................................................. 23
Define Constraints............................................................................................................ 23
Use the Smallest Possible Column Size ............................................................................... 23
Using Date/Time Data Types for Date Columns .................................................................... 24
Best Practices for Loading Data................................................................................................. 24
Take the Loading Data Tutorial .......................................................................................... 24
Take the Tuning Table Design Tutorial ................................................................................ 24
Use a COPY Command to Load Data .................................................................................. 25
Use a Single COPY Command ............................................................................................ 25
Split Your Load Data into Multiple Files .............................................................................. 25
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Compress Your Data Files .................................................................................................. 25
Use a Manifest File........................................................................................................... 25
Verify Data Files Before and After a Load ............................................................................ 25
Use a Multi-Row Insert ..................................................................................................... 26
Use a Bulk Insert .............................................................................................................. 26
Load Data in Sort Key Order .............................................................................................. 26
Load Data in Sequential Blocks.......................................................................................... 26
Use Time-Series Tables ..................................................................................................... 27
Use a Staging Table to Perform a Merge............................................................................. 27
Schedule Around Maintenance Windows ............................................................................. 27
Best Practices for Designing Queries ........................................................................................... 27
Tutorial: Tuning Table Design............................................................................................................. 30
Prerequisites............................................................................................................................ 30
Steps...................................................................................................................................... 30
Step 1: Create a Test Data Set ................................................................................................... 30
To Create a Test Data Set .................................................................................................. 31
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 34
Step 2: Establish a Baseline....................................................................................................... 34
To Test System Performance to Establish a Baseline ............................................................. 35
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 37
Step 3: Select Sort Keys ............................................................................................................ 37
To Select Sort Keys .......................................................................................................... 38
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 38
Step 4: Select Distribution Styles ............................................................................................... 38
Distribution Styles............................................................................................................ 39
To Select Distribution Styles .............................................................................................. 39
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 42
Step 5: Review Compression Encodings....................................................................................... 42
To Review Compression Encodings ..................................................................................... 42
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 44
Step 6: Recreate the Test Data Set ............................................................................................. 44
To Recreate the Test Data Set ............................................................................................ 45
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 47
Step 7: Retest System Performance After Tuning ......................................................................... 47
To Retest System Performance After Tuning ........................................................................ 47
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 51
Step 8: Evaluate the Results...................................................................................................... 51
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 53
Step 9: Clean Up Your Resources ................................................................................................ 53
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 53
Summary................................................................................................................................ 53
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 54
Tutorial: Loading Data from Amazon S3.............................................................................................. 55
Prerequisites............................................................................................................................ 55
Overview................................................................................................................................. 55
Steps...................................................................................................................................... 56
Step 1: Launch a Cluster........................................................................................................... 56
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 57
Step 2: Download the Data Files ................................................................................................ 57
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 57
Step 3: Upload the Files to an Amazon S3 Bucket ........................................................................ 57
...................................................................................................................................... 58
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 58
Step 4: Create the Sample Tables ............................................................................................... 59
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 61
Step 5: Run the COPY Commands.............................................................................................. 61
COPY Command Syntax .................................................................................................... 61
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Loading the SSB Tables ..................................................................................................... 62
Step 6: Vacuum and Analyze the Database .................................................................................. 72
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 73
Step 7: Clean Up Your Resources ................................................................................................ 73
Next............................................................................................................................... 73
Summary................................................................................................................................ 73
Next Step........................................................................................................................ 74
Tutorial: Configuring WLM Queues to Improve Query Processing ............................................................ 75
Overview................................................................................................................................. 75
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................... 75
Sections.......................................................................................................................... 75
Section 1: Understanding the Default Queue Processing Behavior ................................................... 75
Step 1: Create the WLM_QUEUE_STATE_VW View ................................................................ 76
Step 2: Create the WLM_QUERY_STATE_VW View ................................................................. 77
Step 3: Run Test Queries ................................................................................................... 78
Section 2: Modifying the WLM Query Queue Configuration ............................................................ 79
Step 1: Create a Parameter Group ...................................................................................... 79
Step 2: Configure WLM ..................................................................................................... 80
Step 3: Associate the Parameter Group with Your Cluster ...................................................... 81
Section 3: Routing Queries to Queues Based on User Groups and Query Groups ................................ 83
Step 1: View Query Queue Configuration in the Database ...................................................... 83
Step 2: Run a Query Using the Query Group Queue .............................................................. 84
Step 3: Create a Database User and Group.......................................................................... 85
Step 4: Run a Query Using the User Group Queue ................................................................ 85
Section 4: Using wlm_query_slot_count to Temporarily Override Concurrency Level in a Queue ........... 86
Step 1: Override the Concurrency Level Using wlm_query_slot_count ...................................... 87
Step 2: Run Queries from Different Sessions ........................................................................ 88
Section 5: Cleaning Up Your Resources ....................................................................................... 88
Managing Database Security .............................................................................................................. 89
Amazon Redshift Security Overview ........................................................................................... 89
Default Database User Privileges................................................................................................ 90
Superusers............................................................................................................................... 90
Users...................................................................................................................................... 91
Creating, Altering, and Deleting Users ................................................................................. 91
Groups.................................................................................................................................... 91
Creating, Altering, and Deleting Groups .............................................................................. 92
Schemas.................................................................................................................................. 92
Creating, Altering, and Deleting Schemas ............................................................................ 92
Search Path..................................................................................................................... 93
Schema-Based Privileges................................................................................................... 93
Example for Controlling User and Group Access ........................................................................... 93
Designing Tables.............................................................................................................................. 95
Choosing a Column Compression Type ........................................................................................ 95
Compression Encodings..................................................................................................... 96
Testing Compression Encodings ........................................................................................ 102
Example: Choosing Compression Encodings for the CUSTOMER Table .................................... 104
Choosing a Data Distribution Style ........................................................................................... 106
Data Distribution Concepts .............................................................................................. 106
Distribution Styles.......................................................................................................... 107
Viewing Distribution Styles .............................................................................................. 108
Evaluating Query Patterns ............................................................................................... 108
Designating Distribution Styles ......................................................................................... 109
Evaluating the Query Plan ............................................................................................... 109
Query Plan Example ....................................................................................................... 111
Distribution Examples..................................................................................................... 115
Choosing Sort Keys ................................................................................................................. 117
Compound Sort Key ........................................................................................................ 117
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Interleaved Sort Key ....................................................................................................... 118
Comparing Sort Styles .................................................................................................... 119
Defining Constraints............................................................................................................... 122
Analyzing Table Design ........................................................................................................... 122
Using Amazon Redshift Spectrum to Query External Data ................................................................... 125
Amazon Redshift Spectrum Overview ....................................................................................... 125
Amazon Redshift Spectrum Regions .................................................................................. 126
Amazon Redshift Spectrum Considerations ........................................................................ 126
Getting Started With Amazon Redshift Spectrum ....................................................................... 127
Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 127
Steps............................................................................................................................ 127
Step 1. Create an IAM Role .............................................................................................. 127
Step 2: Associate the IAM Role with Your Cluster ................................................................ 128
Step 3: Create an External Schema and an External Table .................................................... 129
Step 4: Query Your Data in Amazon S3 ............................................................................. 129
IAM Policies for Amazon Redshift Spectrum ............................................................................... 131
Creating Data Files for Queries in Amazon Redshift Spectrum ...................................................... 133
Creating External Schemas ...................................................................................................... 134
Working wth External Catalogs ........................................................................................ 136
Creating External Tables .......................................................................................................... 141
Pseudocolumns.............................................................................................................. 142
Partitioning Redshift Spectrum External Tables .................................................................. 143
Improving Amazon Redshift Spectrum Query Performance .......................................................... 146
Monitoring Metrics.................................................................................................................. 148
Troubleshooting Queries.......................................................................................................... 148
Retries Exceeded............................................................................................................ 149
No Rows Returned for a Partitioned Table ......................................................................... 149
Not Authorized Error ....................................................................................................... 149
Incompatible Data Formats .............................................................................................. 149
Syntax Error When Using Hive DDL in Amazon Redshift ....................................................... 150
Permission to Create Temporary Tables ............................................................................. 150
Loading Data................................................................................................................................. 151
Using COPY to Load Data ........................................................................................................ 151
Credentials and Access Permissions ................................................................................... 152
Preparing Your Input Data ............................................................................................... 153
Loading Data from Amazon S3 ........................................................................................ 154
Loading Data from Amazon EMR ...................................................................................... 163
Loading Data from Remote Hosts ..................................................................................... 167
Loading from Amazon DynamoDB .................................................................................... 173
Verifying That the Data Was Loaded Correctly ................................................................... 175
Validating Input Data ...................................................................................................... 175
Automatic Compression................................................................................................... 176
Optimizing for Narrow Tables .......................................................................................... 178
Default Values................................................................................................................ 178
Troubleshooting............................................................................................................. 178
Updating with DML................................................................................................................ 183
Updating and Inserting ........................................................................................................... 183
Merge Method 1: Replacing Existing Rows ......................................................................... 183
Merge Method 2: Specifying a Column List ........................................................................ 184
Creating a Temporary Staging Table ................................................................................. 184
Performing a Merge Operation by Replacing Existing Rows .................................................. 184
Performing a Merge Operation by Specifying a Column List ................................................. 185
Merge Examples............................................................................................................. 186
Performing a Deep Copy ......................................................................................................... 188
Analyzing Tables.................................................................................................................... 190
ANALYZE Command History ............................................................................................. 193
Automatic Analysis......................................................................................................... 194
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Vacuuming Tables................................................................................................................... 194
VACUUM Frequency........................................................................................................ 195
Sort Stage and Merge Stage ............................................................................................ 196
Vacuum Threshold .......................................................................................................... 196
Vacuum Types................................................................................................................ 196
Managing Vacuum Times ................................................................................................. 197
Vacuum Column Limit Exceeded Error ............................................................................... 203
Managing Concurrent Write Operations ..................................................................................... 204
Serializable Isolation....................................................................................................... 205
Write and Read-Write Operations ..................................................................................... 206
Concurrent Write Examples .............................................................................................. 207
Unloading Data.............................................................................................................................. 209
Unloading Data to Amazon S3 ................................................................................................. 209
Unloading Encrypted Data Files ................................................................................................ 212
Unloading Data in Delimited or Fixed-Width Format ................................................................... 213
Reloading Unloaded Data ........................................................................................................ 214
Creating User-Defined Functions ...................................................................................................... 215
UDF Security and Privileges ..................................................................................................... 215
Creating a Scalar SQL UDF ...................................................................................................... 215
Scalar SQL Function Example ........................................................................................... 216
Creating a Scalar Python UDF .................................................................................................. 216
Scalar Python UDF Example ............................................................................................. 217
Python UDF Data Types .................................................................................................. 217
ANYELEMENT Data Type ................................................................................................. 218
Python Language Support ............................................................................................... 218
UDF Constraints............................................................................................................. 221
Naming UDFs......................................................................................................................... 221
Overloading Function Names ........................................................................................... 222
Preventing UDF Naming Conflicts ..................................................................................... 222
Logging Errors and Warnings ................................................................................................... 222
Tuning Query Performance .............................................................................................................. 224
Query Processing.................................................................................................................... 224
Query Planning And Execution Workflow ........................................................................... 224
Reviewing Query Plan Steps ............................................................................................ 226
Query Plan.................................................................................................................... 227
Factors Affecting Query Performance ................................................................................ 233
Analyzing and Improving Queries ............................................................................................. 234
Query Analysis Workflow ................................................................................................. 234
Reviewing Query Alerts ................................................................................................... 235
Analyzing the Query Plan ................................................................................................ 236
Analyzing the Query Summary ......................................................................................... 237
Improving Query Performance ......................................................................................... 242
Diagnostic Queries for Query Tuning ................................................................................. 244
Troubleshooting Queries.......................................................................................................... 247
Connection Fails............................................................................................................. 248
Query Hangs.................................................................................................................. 248
Query Takes Too Long .................................................................................................... 249
Load Fails...................................................................................................................... 250
Load Takes Too Long ...................................................................................................... 250
Load Data Is Incorrect ..................................................................................................... 250
Setting the JDBC Fetch Size Parameter ............................................................................. 251
Implementing Workload Management............................................................................................... 252
Defining Query Queues ........................................................................................................... 252
Concurrency Level.......................................................................................................... 253
User Groups................................................................................................................... 254
Query Groups................................................................................................................ 254
Wildcards....................................................................................................................... 254
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WLM Memory Percent to Use ........................................................................................... 255
WLM Timeout................................................................................................................ 255
Query Monitoring Rules .................................................................................................. 255
WLM Query Queue Hopping .................................................................................................... 255
WLM Timeout Queue Hopping......................................................................................... 256
WLM Timeout Reassigned and Restarted Queries ................................................................ 256
QMR Hop Action Queue Hopping ..................................................................................... 256
QMR Hop Action Reassigned and Restarted Queries ............................................................ 257
WLM Query Queue Hopping Summary .............................................................................. 257
Short Query Acceleration ........................................................................................................ 258
Maximum SQA Run Time ................................................................................................. 259
Monitoring SQA.............................................................................................................. 259
Modifying the WLM Configuration ............................................................................................ 260
WLM Queue Assignment Rules................................................................................................. 260
Queue Assignments Example........................................................................................... 262
Assigning Queries to Queues................................................................................................... 263
Assigning Queries to Queues Based on User Groups ............................................................ 263
Assigning a Query to a Query Group ................................................................................. 263
Assigning Queries to the Superuser Queue........................................................................ 264
Dynamic and Static Properties ................................................................................................. 264
WLM Dynamic Memory Allocation .................................................................................... 265
Dynamic WLM Example................................................................................................... 265
Query Monitoring Rules .......................................................................................................... 266
Defining a Query Monitor Rule ......................................................................................... 267
Query Monitoring Metrics ................................................................................................ 268
Query Monitoring Rules Templates ................................................................................... 269
System Tables and Views for Query Monitoring Rules ......................................................... 270
WLM System Tables and Views ................................................................................................ 271
SQL Reference............................................................................................................................... 273
Amazon Redshift SQL ............................................................................................................. 273
SQL Functions Supported on the Leader Node ................................................................... 273
Amazon Redshift and PostgreSQL .................................................................................... 274
Using SQL............................................................................................................................. 279
SQL Reference Conventions ............................................................................................. 279
Basic Elements............................................................................................................... 280
Expressions.................................................................................................................... 303
Conditions..................................................................................................................... 307
SQL Commands...................................................................................................................... 323
ABORT.......................................................................................................................... 325
ALTER DATABASE........................................................................................................... 326
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES ............................................................................................ 327
ALTER GROUP................................................................................................................ 329
ALTER SCHEMA.............................................................................................................. 330
ALTER TABLE................................................................................................................. 331
ALTER TABLE APPEND ..................................................................................................... 339
ALTER USER................................................................................................................... 342
ANALYZE....................................................................................................................... 345
ANALYZE COMPRESSION................................................................................................. 347
BEGIN........................................................................................................................... 349
CANCEL......................................................................................................................... 350
CLOSE........................................................................................................................... 352
COMMENT..................................................................................................................... 353
COMMIT........................................................................................................................ 354
COPY............................................................................................................................ 355
CREATE DATABASE.......................................................................................................... 410
CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA ............................................................................................ 411
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ................................................................................................ 414
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CREATE FUNCTION......................................................................................................... 423
CREATE GROUP.............................................................................................................. 427
CREATE LIBRARY............................................................................................................ 428
CREATE SCHEMA............................................................................................................ 430
CREATE TABLE............................................................................................................... 431
CREATE TABLE AS ........................................................................................................... 443
CREATE USER................................................................................................................. 450
CREATE VIEW................................................................................................................. 454
DEALLOCATE.................................................................................................................. 456
DECLARE....................................................................................................................... 456
DELETE......................................................................................................................... 459
DROP DATABASE............................................................................................................ 461
DROP FUNCTION............................................................................................................ 461
DROP GROUP................................................................................................................ 462
DROP LIBRARY............................................................................................................... 463
DROP SCHEMA............................................................................................................... 463
DROP TABLE.................................................................................................................. 464
DROP USER................................................................................................................... 466
DROP VIEW................................................................................................................... 468
END.............................................................................................................................. 469
EXECUTE....................................................................................................................... 470
EXPLAIN........................................................................................................................ 471
FETCH........................................................................................................................... 475
GRANT.......................................................................................................................... 476
INSERT.......................................................................................................................... 480
LOCK............................................................................................................................ 485
PREPARE....................................................................................................................... 485
RESET........................................................................................................................... 487
REVOKE......................................................................................................................... 487
ROLLBACK..................................................................................................................... 491
SELECT.......................................................................................................................... 492
SELECT INTO.................................................................................................................. 520
SET............................................................................................................................... 521
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION ........................................................................................ 524
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................... 524
SHOW........................................................................................................................... 524
START TRANSACTION...................................................................................................... 525
TRUNCATE..................................................................................................................... 525
UNLOAD........................................................................................................................ 526
UPDATE......................................................................................................................... 538
VACUUM........................................................................................................................ 543
SQL Functions Reference ......................................................................................................... 546
Leader Node–Only Functions ........................................................................................... 546
Aggregate Functions....................................................................................................... 547
Bit-Wise Aggregate Functions .......................................................................................... 563
Window Functions.......................................................................................................... 568
Conditional Expressions................................................................................................... 612
Date and Time Functions ................................................................................................. 621
Math Functions.............................................................................................................. 657
String Functions............................................................................................................. 681
JSON Functions.............................................................................................................. 717
Data Type Formatting Functions ....................................................................................... 723
System Administration Functions ...................................................................................... 733
System Information Functions .......................................................................................... 736
Reserved Words...................................................................................................................... 749
System Tables Reference ................................................................................................................. 753
System Tables and Views ......................................................................................................... 753
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Types of System Tables and Views ............................................................................................ 753
Visibility of Data in System Tables and Views ............................................................................. 754
Filtering System-Generated Queries .................................................................................. 754
STL Tables for Logging ........................................................................................................... 754
STL_AGGR..................................................................................................................... 756
STL_ALERT_EVENT_LOG.................................................................................................. 757
STL_ANALYZE................................................................................................................. 759
STL_BCAST.................................................................................................................... 760
STL_COMMIT_STATS ....................................................................................................... 762
STL_CONNECTION_LOG................................................................................................... 763
STL_DDLTEXT................................................................................................................. 764
STL_DELETE................................................................................................................... 765
STL_DIST....................................................................................................................... 767
STL_ERROR.................................................................................................................... 769
STL_EXPLAIN................................................................................................................. 770
STL_FILE_SCAN.............................................................................................................. 771
STL_HASH..................................................................................................................... 772
STL_HASHJOIN............................................................................................................... 774
STL_INSERT................................................................................................................... 775
STL_LIMIT...................................................................................................................... 776
STL_LOAD_COMMITS...................................................................................................... 778
STL_LOAD_ERRORS......................................................................................................... 780
STL_LOADERROR_DETAIL................................................................................................ 782
STL_MERGE................................................................................................................... 784
STL_MERGEJOIN............................................................................................................. 785
STL_NESTLOOP.............................................................................................................. 786
STL_PARSE.................................................................................................................... 787
STL_PLAN_INFO............................................................................................................. 788
STL_PROJECT................................................................................................................. 790
STL_QUERY.................................................................................................................... 791
STL_QUERY_METRICS ...................................................................................................... 793
STL_QUERYTEXT............................................................................................................ 795
STL_REPLACEMENTS....................................................................................................... 797
STL_RESTARTED_SESSIONS............................................................................................. 798
STL_RETURN.................................................................................................................. 798
STL_S3CLIENT................................................................................................................ 799
STL_S3CLIENT_ERROR..................................................................................................... 801
STL_SAVE...................................................................................................................... 802
STL_SCAN...................................................................................................................... 803
STL_SESSIONS............................................................................................................... 805
STL_SORT...................................................................................................................... 806
STL_SSHCLIENT_ERROR................................................................................................... 808
STL_STREAM_SEGS......................................................................................................... 808
STL_TR_CONFLICT.......................................................................................................... 809
STL_UNDONE................................................................................................................. 810
STL_UNIQUE.................................................................................................................. 811
STL_UNLOAD_LOG.......................................................................................................... 812
STL_USERLOG................................................................................................................ 813
STL_UTILITYTEXT........................................................................................................... 814
STL_VACUUM................................................................................................................. 816
STL_WINDOW................................................................................................................ 818
STL_WLM_ERROR........................................................................................................... 819
STL_WLM_RULE_ACTION................................................................................................. 820
STL_WLM_QUERY........................................................................................................... 821
STV Tables for Snapshot Data .................................................................................................. 822
STV_ACTIVE_CURSORS.................................................................................................... 823
STV_BLOCKLIST............................................................................................................. 824
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